The Nobel Prize for Physics- 2015 has been awarded for neutrino puzzles that physicists had wrestled with for decades had been resolved. Compared to theoretical calculations of the number of neutrinos, up to two thirds of the neutrinos were missing in measurements performed onEarth and also that for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass The discovery led to the far-reaching conclusion that neutrinos, which for a long time were considered massless, must have some mass, however small.
Please readURL http://www.nobelprize.org/.../laureates/2015/press.html
and also the advanced Report of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in PDF for 2015 Nobel prize in Physics
That the Neutrinos has mass was also published by us in various times as in the " Science Blog" as we told there "Neutrinos were also non-Zero mass particles according authors , though in standard teaching, it is mass less. There are broadly three (3) species of ‘Neutrinos”. I) Electron neutrinos 2) Muon neutrinos 3) tat neutrinos and 4th variety we say Missing Neutrinos. During first half of twentieth century, physicists were convinced that all stars including our Sun, shines by converting, deep in its interior, hydrogen into helium. According ,this theory, 4 hydrogen nuclei called protons (p) are changed within solar interior into a 4He nucleus, 02 anti-electrons (e+, positively charged electrons), and 02 elusive and mysterious ghostly particles called neutrinos . This process of nuclear conversion, believed responsible for sunshine and therefore for all life on Earth. Conversion process, which involves many different nuclear reactions, can be written schematically as: 4p→4He +2e+ +2ve —-[1] as Bhattacharya Rupak wrote it once in 1995. I.e, two neutrinos produced each time as the fusion reaction (1) within star. Since 4 protons are heavier than a helium nucleus, two positive electrons and two neutrinos, reaction (1) releases lot of energies to Sun, that ultimately reaches earth as sunlight. The reaction occurs very frequently. Neutrinos escape easily from Sun their energy does not appear as solar heat or sunlight in earth. Sometimes neutrinos are produced with relatively low energies and Sun gets lot of heat. Sometimes neutrinos are produced with higher energies and Sun gets less energy. Neutrinos have zero electric charge, interact very rarely with matter, – according to particle physic’s very high reference level textbook version of the standard model of particle physics – they are mass less. About 1000 billion neutrinos from Sun pass through your thumbnail every seconds, but you do not feel them because, they interact so rarely and so weakly with matter. Neutrinos are practically indestructible; almost nothing happens to them. For every hundred billions solar neutrinos passing through Earth every seconds, only about one interacts if at all with stuff of Earth is made. Because they interact so rarely, neutrinos can escape easily from solar interior, where they are created and bring direct information about solar fusion reactions to us on Earth. There are three known types of neutrinos already told. Nuclear fusion in Sun produces only neutrinos that are associated with electrons, the so-called electron neutrinos . The two other types of neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos , are produced, for example, in laboratory accelerators or in exploding stars, together with heavier versions of the electron, the particles muon and tau . But there are some missing neutrinos too. All accepted models in cosmology & in particle physics however accept that neutrinos are mass less or so. But some idea that neutrinos might have mass also was about 40 yearsold."
See at Science Blogs comment published titled "Faster Than a Speeding Photon: “Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam” Posted by Chad Orzel on September 24, 2011 and the published comment no 43 by Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya on September 28, 2011 as it was titled "Tachyons is an mathematical Imaginary particle that may move faster then Photons (Light particles) in the universe and yet to be discovered"
click on Links http://scienceblogs.com/.../faster-than-a-speeding.../...
Please Read also in our published article " Tachyon- Faster than Light Particle Exist in Our Universe or an Imaginary Mathematical Particle" by authors Rupak Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattachary, Ritwik Bhattacharya,Rupsa Bhattacharya, Dalia Mukherjee, Oaindrila Mukherjee, Aiyshi Mukherjee, Hindole Banerjee,Arunava Das published at International Journal of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science 2015; 2(3): 12-29 Published online May 10, 2015 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/aass) where we authors clearly told that "...........There is till no confirmed mass evidences that neutrinos have a non zero mass particles............
(Bhattacharjee Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar)..........see at Page Nos 15-16
Click also on The Guridian UK at URL http://www.theguardian.com/.../the-lay.../2011/sep/23/1... Published at journal Physics Org titled as" Fate of a Star supernovas and mechanism of explosion of supernovas" at physics org of American Physical Society as a published comment of an article "Rare radio supernova in nearby galaxy is nearest supernova in five years" Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164
See at Face Book of nobelprize.org "Questions for David Gross" by Prof Pranab Kr Bhattacharya Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/.../questions.../401404001719...
Please See the Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title : Where from mass came in the universe?- Did the mass originated from mass less particle in Higgs Field - A child like question & quest! Is it really So?" Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164 or http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
See the article Methods of Evaluation and Extraction of Membership Functions--Review with a New Approach" by authors Dwijesh Dutta Majumder, Rupak Bhattacharyya, Supratim Mukherjee click on URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp...
Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title " A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?" please click on URL http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title Where Went the Anti matter?http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
[Next Tuesday the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences will announce the winner (or winners) of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. AIP's Ben Stein predicts that Kent Ford and Vera Rubin will be honored for their discovery, derived from stellar velocities, that the Andromeda Galaxy contains much more mass than is present in its visible stars. Since Ford and Rubin's paper was published in 1970, additional lines of evidence, including observations by Ford and Rubin of other galaxies, have supported their discovery. Now the only plausible explanation is that galaxies and the space between them are pervaded by an unknown kind of "dark matter," whose interactions with itself and with normal matter are either through the gravitational force or very weak]
https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164
Please readURL http://www.nobelprize.org/.../laureates/2015/press.html
and also the advanced Report of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in PDF for 2015 Nobel prize in Physics
That the Neutrinos has mass was also published by us in various times as in the " Science Blog" as we told there "Neutrinos were also non-Zero mass particles according authors , though in standard teaching, it is mass less. There are broadly three (3) species of ‘Neutrinos”. I) Electron neutrinos 2) Muon neutrinos 3) tat neutrinos and 4th variety we say Missing Neutrinos. During first half of twentieth century, physicists were convinced that all stars including our Sun, shines by converting, deep in its interior, hydrogen into helium. According ,this theory, 4 hydrogen nuclei called protons (p) are changed within solar interior into a 4He nucleus, 02 anti-electrons (e+, positively charged electrons), and 02 elusive and mysterious ghostly particles called neutrinos . This process of nuclear conversion, believed responsible for sunshine and therefore for all life on Earth. Conversion process, which involves many different nuclear reactions, can be written schematically as: 4p→4He +2e+ +2ve —-[1] as Bhattacharya Rupak wrote it once in 1995. I.e, two neutrinos produced each time as the fusion reaction (1) within star. Since 4 protons are heavier than a helium nucleus, two positive electrons and two neutrinos, reaction (1) releases lot of energies to Sun, that ultimately reaches earth as sunlight. The reaction occurs very frequently. Neutrinos escape easily from Sun their energy does not appear as solar heat or sunlight in earth. Sometimes neutrinos are produced with relatively low energies and Sun gets lot of heat. Sometimes neutrinos are produced with higher energies and Sun gets less energy. Neutrinos have zero electric charge, interact very rarely with matter, – according to particle physic’s very high reference level textbook version of the standard model of particle physics – they are mass less. About 1000 billion neutrinos from Sun pass through your thumbnail every seconds, but you do not feel them because, they interact so rarely and so weakly with matter. Neutrinos are practically indestructible; almost nothing happens to them. For every hundred billions solar neutrinos passing through Earth every seconds, only about one interacts if at all with stuff of Earth is made. Because they interact so rarely, neutrinos can escape easily from solar interior, where they are created and bring direct information about solar fusion reactions to us on Earth. There are three known types of neutrinos already told. Nuclear fusion in Sun produces only neutrinos that are associated with electrons, the so-called electron neutrinos . The two other types of neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos , are produced, for example, in laboratory accelerators or in exploding stars, together with heavier versions of the electron, the particles muon and tau . But there are some missing neutrinos too. All accepted models in cosmology & in particle physics however accept that neutrinos are mass less or so. But some idea that neutrinos might have mass also was about 40 yearsold."
See at Science Blogs comment published titled "Faster Than a Speeding Photon: “Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam” Posted by Chad Orzel on September 24, 2011 and the published comment no 43 by Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya on September 28, 2011 as it was titled "Tachyons is an mathematical Imaginary particle that may move faster then Photons (Light particles) in the universe and yet to be discovered"
click on Links http://scienceblogs.com/.../faster-than-a-speeding.../...
Please Read also in our published article " Tachyon- Faster than Light Particle Exist in Our Universe or an Imaginary Mathematical Particle" by authors Rupak Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattachary, Ritwik Bhattacharya,Rupsa Bhattacharya, Dalia Mukherjee, Oaindrila Mukherjee, Aiyshi Mukherjee, Hindole Banerjee,Arunava Das published at International Journal of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science 2015; 2(3): 12-29 Published online May 10, 2015 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/aass) where we authors clearly told that "...........There is till no confirmed mass evidences that neutrinos have a non zero mass particles............
(Bhattacharjee Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar)..........see at Page Nos 15-16
Click also on The Guridian UK at URL http://www.theguardian.com/.../the-lay.../2011/sep/23/1... Published at journal Physics Org titled as" Fate of a Star supernovas and mechanism of explosion of supernovas" at physics org of American Physical Society as a published comment of an article "Rare radio supernova in nearby galaxy is nearest supernova in five years" Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164
See at Face Book of nobelprize.org "Questions for David Gross" by Prof Pranab Kr Bhattacharya Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/.../questions.../401404001719...
Please See the Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title : Where from mass came in the universe?- Did the mass originated from mass less particle in Higgs Field - A child like question & quest! Is it really So?" Click on URL https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164 or http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
See the article Methods of Evaluation and Extraction of Membership Functions--Review with a New Approach" by authors Dwijesh Dutta Majumder, Rupak Bhattacharyya, Supratim Mukherjee click on URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp...
Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title " A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?" please click on URL http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
Published articles on Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya at Google Blog.com under blog title Where Went the Anti matter?http://totallydrug-resistanttbemergesinindia.blogspot.in/...
[Next Tuesday the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences will announce the winner (or winners) of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. AIP's Ben Stein predicts that Kent Ford and Vera Rubin will be honored for their discovery, derived from stellar velocities, that the Andromeda Galaxy contains much more mass than is present in its visible stars. Since Ford and Rubin's paper was published in 1970, additional lines of evidence, including observations by Ford and Rubin of other galaxies, have supported their discovery. Now the only plausible explanation is that galaxies and the space between them are pervaded by an unknown kind of "dark matter," whose interactions with itself and with normal matter are either through the gravitational force or very weak]
https://www.facebook.com/PhysicsToday/posts/10156136212620164
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