Thursday, 23 February 2012
Tuesday, 21 February 2012
Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(ind): Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(ind): Rupak Bhattacharya and “Bhattacharya’s Model of Un...
Friday, 17 February 2012
Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(ind): Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteo...
Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(ind): Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteo...: The earliest unicellular life in earth is a bacterium and life came in the earth possibly from an asteroid Authors_: Professor Pranab...
Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites
The earliest unicellular life in earth is a bacterium and life came in the earth possibly from an asteroid
Authors_:
Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya- MD(cal) Patho, FIC Path(Ind),Presently Professor of Pathology, RIO , The Medical college, Kolkata -73 W.B and Ex- Additional Professor of department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research,244 AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, West Bengal, India** Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya-Bsc(cal), Msc(JU), 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas(north) Kol-110,West Bengal, India ***Mr.Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal), ***Mr Soumyak Bhattacharya MBA of residence7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 parganas(north) ,Kolkata-110,WestBengal, India****Miss Upasana Bhattacharya- Student, Mahamayatala, Garia, kol-86, only daughter of Prof.PK Bhattacharya**** Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) Cal, Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north) West Bengal, India**** Miss Aindrila Mukherjee-Student ,Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north), West Bengal, India****; Mr. Surajit Sarkar BSC DMLT Technician Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research,244 a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, West Bengal, India , Kolkata-20
links of published http://nasaengineer.com/?p=2133
When the life did was actually originated in the earth and the rate of evolution and diversification of the earliest biota is still continued to be a very fascinating question before the astrobiologist and before the world scientific community. Similarly it is still unclear that when and how physiologically modern ecosystem based on oxygen producing photosynthesis really became established in the planet the earth [12]. The sole source of direct evidence relevant to such a question is plaeo-biologic record, contained in the rocks deposited during the Archieanon period of the earth history. It is almost >3500 MYR [Million years Ago]. The search for Archiean fossils was done with very difficulties. Few Archean sedimentary rocks had survived to the present time and paleobiological evidence in most of such rocks had been possible severely altered by metamorphism. In order to establish authenticity, arching microfossils, five principals criteria must be satisfied as per present authors. The positive microfossils I) must occur in rocks of known province ii) must be of established Archaean age by carbon dating iii) be demonstrably indigenous IV) synergic with primary deposition of enclosing rocks v) be assured biological origin by all microbiological, rRNA and DNA tests. All but a few of the microfossils like objects reported from Archean sediments have failed to meet one or more of these requirements. Other then filamentous Apex fossils, Archean Micro fossils record consist of two types of Cyano bacterium like filaments from~2750MYR old collnial uni- cell nonspecific bacterium like filaments ~3450MYR of Swazi land super group of south Africa. Apex filaments indicate that these primitive families of filamentous cyanobacteria were already highly diverse at the apex time. Although some cyanobacteria were capable of temporarily carrying out anoxic bacterial photosynthesis, oxygen producing photo autotrophy was then universal. These cyanobacteria had advanced level of physical evolution as early as ~3465MYR[William J Schoof- Science Vol260; P640; 1993]. Today all eukaryotes and other prokaryotes share a common ancestor with all the Archie bacteria whose members led pretyg exotic lives. The methane producing Methanogens, halophytes that dwell in salty environments and the eocytes. The rRNA study showed that Archie bacteria, an in other super class of prokaryotes, the eu-bacteria which include pathogen E.Coli are all closely related to each other and as a group they are very closely related to eu-karyotes. Archie-bacteria constitute one of the major evolutionary lineages on earth. Previously these prokaryotes were thought to predominate in only a few unusual and disparate niches, characterized by hyper saline, extremely hot or strictly anoxic conditions. In 1992, phylotypes of Archie bacteria had been detected in coastal and in subsurface of marine water also. Edward [Edward F Delong- Nature Vol371; P695; 1994] described high abundance of exceptionally archival in frigid marine surface water of Antarctica. Pre algae Archie constituted up to 34% of prokaryotic biomass in coastal Antarctica surface water and they were also abundant in a verity of other cold pelagic marine environment. These bacteria were typified by rRNA. Of al Antarctica bacteria sample collected in late austral water contained exceptionally high abundance of Archieal rRNA about18-30% of total pico plenkoton rRNA or 21-34% of total prokaryotic rRNA was archieal origin. Finding of Archie bacteria in these days was unexpected event and stands against Darwin’s theory of evolution. The Archie bacteria are live members of a group of microorganism that seem almost too Alien to have evolved on each. They resemble normal bacteria but are actually no more close to those bacteria than are to humans. The most obvious characteristics appear to be a taste for extreme temperature environment, which a large percentage of them inhibited. Various species live at temperature above the boiling point of water in lakes satire than the Dead Sea, in water more alkaline than household ammonia, more acidic environment than gastric juice and at consisting pressure of ocean depth. An Archie bacterium thus belongs to an independent kingdom, separate from eukariotes and also from other bacteria. The most dramatic selling of Arachae bacteria is found today in volcanic areas both on land and sea. On land, the hot gas and sulfurous fumes that leak out from earth produces Solfatara fields which can be found in such places as Iceland, Italy and yellow stones park. On the sea floor hydrothermal vents spew out sulfurous gas along with water at temperature that can reach hundred of degrees centigrade. Arachae bacteria is found to survive and grow at temperature up to 120 0c which is the highest temperature at which any organism not been ever found to survive. Methanopyrous a genus of Arachae bacteria family survive even at this temperature. Thermo toga Genus can survive up to 90 0c. Many of these thermophylic organisms live on organic materials combining carbon with hydrogen to form methane gas. Others get their energy by combining sulpher with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulphide. Arachae bacteria must have found some way to keep their DNA from unraveling. That might be possible by a type of his tone like protein discovered in microbes. When this protein is added to DNA in vitro, DNA can withstand temperature 30-40c higher than usual temperature The other possibility was that the double stranded DNA of arachaebacteria were twisted more strongly then the DNA of other creature evolved which would make it harder for the strand to separate.[Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar-2005] [ 1]
Probably about once in almost every decade a scientific discovery is reported that brings out passionate debate concerning the possible existence of extraterrestrial life, and panspermia theory [Bhattacharya-2009] [13], past or present. Nagy et al. (1961) [2] reported the occurrence of biogenic hydrocarbons in the Orgueil meteorite and then subsequently went on to describe possible relict microstructures that looked similar to microbial life forms on Earth (e.g. Nagy et al., 1963) [3]. Levin and Straat (1976) [4] reported the results of experiments performed during the Viking Mission to Mars that could be interpreted as possible evidence for extant microbial life in the outer space. Engel and Nagy (1982) [5] reported the occurrence of non-racemic amino acids in the Murchison meteorite (L-enantiomer excess) that could be interpreted as possible evidence for past extraterrestrial life. McKay et al. (1996) [ 6] reported possible evidence for fossil microbial life in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. The question was whether life started first in Rocks or in ocean?
For last decade, geologists also have looked at water droplets entangled in ancient Rocks — called fluid inclusions – of thousands years old trapped in the rocks found in death valley or saline valley of California USA and from Michigan, Kansas and Italy[ temperature in these locations are 130 degree Fahrenheit or more] and they wondered that microbes could be extracted from them. Fluid inclusions have been found inside salt crystals ranging in age from thousands to hundreds of millions years old. But there had always been a question about whether the organisms cultured from salt crystals are genuinely ancient material or of extraterrestrial origin or whether they are modern-day world contaminants,[science daily 22nd November-2010] and research on reviewed existing literature and they confirmed that microbes or allege DNA were over 100,000 years back and could survive as the conditions inside these water droplets are ideally suited to preserving their DNA
Richard Hoover[2011] [7] very recently had discovered evidence of microfossils similar to Cyanobacteria, as we discussed early in the article, in freshly fractured slices of the interior surfaces of the Alais, Ivuna, and Orgueil CI1 carbonaceous meteorites and in ALH 84001 meteorite based on Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and other measures, This me- teorite seemed to have been ejected from the Planet Mars on earth, a few billion years ago and after a long and circuitous journey fell to Earth and remained buried in the Antarctic region for a few thousand years. Woo ! it proves pan-spermia theory and life in this planet appeared from Asteroids [1,13] Richard Hoover [7] has concluded they are indigenous to these meteors and are similar to trichomic cyanobacteria and other trichomic prokaryotes such as filamentous sulfur bacteria. He concludes these fossilized bacteria are not Earthly contaminants at all but are the fossilized remains of living organisms which lived in the parent bodies of these meteors, e.g. comets, moons, and other astral bodies. The implications are that life is everywhere, and that life on Earth may have come from other planets. [1,13]. Based on a genomic analysis, that DNA-based life has a genetic ancestry leading backwards in time over 10 billion years [8,9,10] (Joseph, Wickramasinghe, Wainwright 2011; Sharov 2009), which is twice the age of Earth.
Comet / asteroid was a source of origin of life in this planet the earth? A comet is a dirty icy snowball and much of the dirty materials are organic material formaldehyde, hydrogen and more complex substances. In cold interstellar molecular clouds gaseous species such as H2O2, CO, CO2, CH3OH, H2O and NH3 are believed to condense on to sub micron carbonaceous grain to form these icy mantes. By a combination of process that included gas grain, chemical reactions, ultraviolet photolysis and cosmic ray bombardment these components could meet further to produce small amount of complex organic compound. Icy planetismals that probably formed through successive aggregation and agglomeration of such ice-coated grain might have carried significant amount of pre-biotic organic molecules to this earth during its early history. But these organic substances must had been destroyed by the heat generated of impact as comet bombarded in the early earth? If these fragile compounds had some how survived, they could have provided the starting point for the chemical evolution that led to more complex molecules like amino acids, nucleic acids and ultimately giant molecule “The RNA or DNA’. So in that case there needed extra terrestrial source of organic compounds. Carl Sagon [Science 27th July 1990, P366] told that only small parts of comets flowing in the earth atmosphere would stay cool enough to preserve the organic chemicals. J.Mayo Greenberg was however in favoring of comet as source of compounds as origin of life in this planet the earth. According to Greenberg the Icy particles make up the comets. In his laboratory, he made icy particles that make up comets. To create them he condensed mixture of water vapor, methane, CO, and other gases present in the interstellar spaces on a glass plate cooled to~100K. The Icy was amorphous like a comet ice, having a disorderly molecular structure rather then crystalline one. Amorphous ice conducts heat more slowly then the crystalline ice. Greenberg found that when ice was deposited very slowly as it would be in the interstellar grains it’s thermal conductivity become slower and slower by a factors 10,000-100,000, because of lesser connectedness’ of water molecules that had accumulated slowly. The effect of this lower thermal conductivity might have to insulate the organic materials against the heat of a cometary’s impact. While the outer layer of grains were vaporized during the comet collision on earth atmosphere, the inner part might survived unscalled and floated gently on sea of earth. But one of the most mysterious feature of present day is the fact that ribose and deoxyribose sugar in RNA and DNA are all right handed while amino acids that make up proteins are all south. This is a puzzle because sugars and amino acids are chiral molecule i.e. they can exist in two different mirror image. But on earth they do not exist as chiral. No one could answer how this enantiomeric excess came about on earth.
Probably about once in almost every decade a scientific discovery is reported that brings out passionate debate concerning the possible existence of extraterrestrial life, and panspermia theory [Bhattacharya-2009] [13], past or present. Nagy et al. (1961) [2] reported the occurrence of biogenic hydrocarbons in the Orgueil meteorite and then subsequently went on to describe possible relict microstructures that looked similar to microbial life forms on Earth (e.g. Nagy et al., 1963) [3]. Levin and Straat (1976) [4] reported the results of experiments performed during the Viking Mission to Mars that could be interpreted as possible evidence for extant microbial life in the outer space. Engel and Nagy (1982) [5] reported the occurrence of non-racemic amino acids in the Murchison meteorite (L-enantiomer excess) that could be interpreted as possible evidence for past extraterrestrial life. McKay et al. (1996) [ 6] reported possible evidence for fossil microbial life in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. The question was whether life started first in Rocks or in ocean?
For last decade, geologists also have looked at water droplets entangled in ancient Rocks — called fluid inclusions – of thousands years old trapped in the rocks found in death valley or saline valley of California USA and from Michigan, Kansas and Italy[ temperature in these locations are 130 degree Fahrenheit or more] and they wondered that microbes could be extracted from them. Fluid inclusions have been found inside salt crystals ranging in age from thousands to hundreds of millions years old. But there had always been a question about whether the organisms cultured from salt crystals are genuinely ancient material or of extraterrestrial origin or whether they are modern-day world contaminants,[science daily 22nd November-2010] and research on reviewed existing literature and they confirmed that microbes or allege DNA were over 100,000 years back and could survive as the conditions inside these water droplets are ideally suited to preserving their DNA
Richard Hoover[2011] [7] very recently had discovered evidence of microfossils similar to Cyanobacteria, as we discussed early in the article, in freshly fractured slices of the interior surfaces of the Alais, Ivuna, and Orgueil CI1 carbonaceous meteorites and in ALH 84001 meteorite based on Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and other measures, This me- teorite seemed to have been ejected from the Planet Mars on earth, a few billion years ago and after a long and circuitous journey fell to Earth and remained buried in the Antarctic region for a few thousand years. Woo ! it proves pan-spermia theory and life in this planet appeared from Asteroids [1,13] Richard Hoover [7] has concluded they are indigenous to these meteors and are similar to trichomic cyanobacteria and other trichomic prokaryotes such as filamentous sulfur bacteria. He concludes these fossilized bacteria are not Earthly contaminants at all but are the fossilized remains of living organisms which lived in the parent bodies of these meteors, e.g. comets, moons, and other astral bodies. The implications are that life is everywhere, and that life on Earth may have come from other planets. [1,13]. Based on a genomic analysis, that DNA-based life has a genetic ancestry leading backwards in time over 10 billion years [8,9,10] (Joseph, Wickramasinghe, Wainwright 2011; Sharov 2009), which is twice the age of Earth.
Comet / asteroid was a source of origin of life in this planet the earth? A comet is a dirty icy snowball and much of the dirty materials are organic material formaldehyde, hydrogen and more complex substances. In cold interstellar molecular clouds gaseous species such as H2O2, CO, CO2, CH3OH, H2O and NH3 are believed to condense on to sub micron carbonaceous grain to form these icy mantes. By a combination of process that included gas grain, chemical reactions, ultraviolet photolysis and cosmic ray bombardment these components could meet further to produce small amount of complex organic compound. Icy planetismals that probably formed through successive aggregation and agglomeration of such ice-coated grain might have carried significant amount of pre-biotic organic molecules to this earth during its early history. But these organic substances must had been destroyed by the heat generated of impact as comet bombarded in the early earth? If these fragile compounds had some how survived, they could have provided the starting point for the chemical evolution that led to more complex molecules like amino acids, nucleic acids and ultimately giant molecule “The RNA or DNA’. So in that case there needed extra terrestrial source of organic compounds. Carl Sagon [Science 27th July 1990, P366] told that only small parts of comets flowing in the earth atmosphere would stay cool enough to preserve the organic chemicals. J.Mayo Greenberg was however in favoring of comet as source of compounds as origin of life in this planet the earth. According to Greenberg the Icy particles make up the comets. In his laboratory, he made icy particles that make up comets. To create them he condensed mixture of water vapor, methane, CO, and other gases present in the interstellar spaces on a glass plate cooled to~100K. The Icy was amorphous like a comet ice, having a disorderly molecular structure rather then crystalline one. Amorphous ice conducts heat more slowly then the crystalline ice. Greenberg found that when ice was deposited very slowly as it would be in the interstellar grains it’s thermal conductivity become slower and slower by a factors 10,000-100,000, because of lesser connectedness’ of water molecules that had accumulated slowly. The effect of this lower thermal conductivity might have to insulate the organic materials against the heat of a cometary’s impact. While the outer layer of grains were vaporized during the comet collision on earth atmosphere, the inner part might survived unscalled and floated gently on sea of earth. But one of the most mysterious feature of present day is the fact that ribose and deoxyribose sugar in RNA and DNA are all right handed while amino acids that make up proteins are all south. This is a puzzle because sugars and amino acids are chiral molecule i.e. they can exist in two different mirror image. But on earth they do not exist as chiral. No one could answer how this enantiomeric excess came about on earth.
So It will be highly necessary for independent experts in microbiology to determine whether the photomicrographs of microfossils in meteorites published by Hoover (2011) [7 ]are sufficiently similar in morphology to modern analogs to likely be the remains of extraterrestrial cyanobacteria and are truly biological one by microbiological DNA and rRNA tests .microstructures in carbonaceous meteorites may be obvious contaminants from modern worlds too. Just last month in the journal Nature, similar filamentous structures have been explained by non-biological processes [11] (Marshall et al., 2011). A confirmed discovery of life that has evolved outside Earth is no doubt a big step according to authors, but it is still just a beginning and hypothetical one. After that, the next big task is to learn more about life in the universe. How common is life? How diverse is it? How complex? In what sort of environmental conditions can life survive? These are big questions before us
References
References
1] Prof. Pranab kumar Bhattacharya; Rupak Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Miss upasana Bhattacharya and Dalia Mukherjee “The Life in Our Planet the Earth” once published“ in the E book form Published at http://www.unipathos.com” in 2005 presently in2011 unipathos.com had been sold.
2] Nagy, B., Meinschein, W.G. and Hennessy, D.J. (1961) Mass spectroscopic analysis of the Orgueil meteorite: evidence for biogenic hydrocarbons. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 93, 25-35.
3] .Nagy, B., Fredriksson, K., Urey, H.C., Claus, G., Anderson, C.A. and Percy, J. (1963) Electron probe microanalysis of organized elements in the Orgueil meteorite. Nature 198, 121-125.
4] Levin, G. V. and Straat, P.A. (1976) Viking labeled release biology experiment: Interim results. Science 194, 1322-1329.
5] Engel, M.H. and Nagy, B. (1982) Distribution and enantiomeric composition of amino acids in the Murchison meteorite. Nature 296, 837-840
6] McKay, D.S., Gibson, E.K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C.S., Clemett, S.J., Chillier, X.D.F., Maedling, C.R. and Zare, R.N. (1996) Search for past life on Mars: Possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 273, 924-930
7] Richard B. Hoover Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, March, 2011
8] Joseph R. Schild, R. (2010). Biological Cosmology and the Origins of Life in the Universe. Journal of Cosmology, 5, 1040-1090
9] Wickramasinghe, C. (2011). The Biological Big Bang: Panspermia and the Origins of Life. Cosmology Science Publishers, Cambridge.
10] Sharov, A.A. (2009). Exponential Increase of Genetic Complexity Supports Extra-Terrestrial Origin of Life. Journal of Cosmology, 1, 63-65.
11] Marshall, C. P., Emry, J. R. & Olcott Marshall, A. (2011). Nature Geosci. advance online publication doi:10.1038/NGEO1084
13] Rupak Bhattacharya, Prof Pranab kumar Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Miss Upasana Bhattacharya, Aindrila Mukherjee, Soumyak Bhattacharya etal Theory of Pan-spermia aswell breaking the symmetry is however essential for development of life in other worlds in other universes too Published comment for the article “ Infinity Success in coping with infinity could strengthen case for multiple universes” By Tom Siegfried at Science News June 6th, 2009; Vol.175 #12 (p. 26)http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/47511/title/Comment
Thursday, 16 February 2012
Addressing the Needs of Cancer Survivors: An Emerging Global Challenge
Title-: Survivors of Cancer in Kolkata, West Bengal, India- a scenario
Authors_:
*Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya- MD(cal) Patho, FIc Path(Ind.),Presently Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Ex Professor &HOD at Regional Institute of Ophthalmology , The Medical college, Kolkata -73 ,W.B and EX Professor of Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research,244 AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, West Bengal, India*Miss Upasana Bhattacharya- Student, Mahamayatala, Garia, kol-86, only daughter of Prof.P. K Bhattacharya** Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya-Bsc(cal), Msc(JU), 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas(north) Kol-110,West Bengal, India **Mr.Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal), **Mr Soumyak Bhattacharya MBA of residence7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 parganas(north) ,Kolkata-110,WestBengal, India*** Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) Cal, Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north) West Bengal, India***Miss Aindrila Mukherjee-Student ,Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north), West Bengal, India****; Mr. Surajit Sarkar BSC DMLT, Technician Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research,244 a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, West Bengal, India , Kolkata-20 Dr ****Tridibeswar Mandal MD(cal) Biochemistry IPGME&R Kol-20
The Indian subcontinent is today home to 16.5% of the world’s population
[ census 2011 shows it’s population increased 122 cores next to china and West Bengal it is approximately 9.6 cores ] and at any one time it is estimated that there may be not less but over 3.5 million or people with cancers in different age group from childhood to aged. Number of Cancer Patients at present in West Bengal approx. 3,50,000. Number of Cancer Patients increasing every year in West Bengal approx. 69,000. Radiotherapy needed every year for patients Approx. 60,000 when Radiotherapy capacity of West Bengal at present Approx. 22,000. Fatal consequences for want of essential treatment Approx30,000. Cancer had never been a prominent healthcare issues in kolkata , West Bengal, as per first author, compared with other diseases in West Bengal and in Kolkata. But the fact is that as a histopathologist of the city in tertiary medical colleges of the city, the first author’s last 26 years experience while diagnosing biopsies, is that various histological types of cancers, like Lung, Breast, Cervical, Neck cancer , Skin, Mouth cancer, Thyroid cancers, child hood leukemias , Lymphomas, soft tissues sarcomas are also emerging today as a significant health problem in kolkata and suburban people of West Bengal. Peculiarly Cancer patients for some unknown reasons, are most prominently found amongst low socioeconomic class people, possibly due to their diet, consumption of bidi, other form of tobacco, local made alcohol, STDs , HPV poor vitamin and antioxidants use and other habit or some kinds of genetic susceptibility and their very low financial capability for purchasing health, and pocket expenditure, access towards any three or five star hotel private health care institutions, where gadgets for advanced treatment and diagnostic facility may be available but with complete business and huge amount profit outlook and nonetheless family members illiteracy also contribute towards their advanced stages of disease on presentation to public tertiary care hospitals clinics, and due to very high cost chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, biological therapy [ Chemotherapy not only kills the patient ultimately and their family members too economically ]and most of people accepts Homeopathy, Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM) are often the only therapies available for low socioeconomic people in West Bengal , as they are less costly and in affordable reach to poor socioeconomic class of West Bengal . India has just 48-50 doctors per 100,000 people compared to the UK with 230 and the US with 256. The poor provision of public sector healthcare in cancer diagnosis and therapy in tertiary care Medical colleges means many people (even a section of the poor) turn to the private sectors cancer treatment centers, those are far distant of all kinds of human face towards the cancer and terminally ill and they understands in terms of only business and money making centers. The number of cancer patients are steadily increasing also in India due to early and improved histopathological diagnosis and improved modality of treatment facilities only for the upper class and rich class societies. The majority of Indian cancer patients present late stage incurable diseases (75% to 80%) when first diagnosed. Chemotherapy [ The authors really doubt how much the costly chemotherapy is benificial for ultimate survivors except in few histological type cancers and when diagnosed most early ] or Radiotherapy or targeted biological & immunological therapy of Cancer patients with both solid and hematological malignancy including Stem Cell Transplantation facility[in infancy] are today available in certain centers of Kolkata, West Bengal .
Presently in India, out of a million newly diagnosed cancer patients each year, more than 60% die within 12-24 months of diagnosis and another one million cancer survivors show progressive disease within five years of diagnosis[5] The number of U.S. cancer survivors however increased from 9.8 million in 2001 to 11.7 million in 2007, according to an analysis of new cancer cases and follow-up data from NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program published in march 11th 2011 report[6]. According to that report, it were however breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers were the most common types of cancer amongst those survivors in US, accounting for 51 percent of total cancer diagnoses in USA. In that study, among all cancer survivors, 54.3 percent were female, 45.7 percent were male, nearly 7 million were 65 years of age or older, and 4.7 million received their diagnosis 10 or more years earlier. The increase seen over the past 4 decades is attributable to a variety of factors, including an aging U.S. population, most earlier detection of cancer by CT MRI and with help of immunochemistry .PCR, Flowcytometry, expert histopathologists services and more &more sophisticated treatments that allow individuals to live longer following initial diagnosis[1] As for the incidence of gliomas is increasing worldwide, including India and in one study from West Bengal, India, in which only 7.9% of brain tumors were GBMs, while 46.8% were astrocytomas. Low grade gliomas (LGGs) typically occur in younger adults, normally before age 40, and encompass a spectrum of histological subtypes that resemble differentiated macroglial cells, without evidence of anaplasia. Diffuse astrocytomas represent 60 – 70% of the LGGs and are the most common of LGGs The subtypes of low-grade astrocytomas include fibrillary, protoplasmic, pilocytic, and gemistocytic astrocytoma. The fibrillary subtype is the most common in adults while the gemistocytic subtype is less common, but has a higher potential for anaplastic transformation. Other histological subtypes of the LGGs include the juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), which usually occurs before age 25, oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma (LGO/LGOA), ganglioglioma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), subependymomas, and desmoplastic gangliomas. Different gliomas occur in differentage groups and some entities such are PXA are more common in adolescents, while others are more common in the elderly, such as GBM[3]
But cancer survivors must faces several health related issues, Health risks, poor mental, financial ,physical, and social and sexual Quality of life[ QOL ]that must be looked for. Of these many QOL domains, the largest disparity is often found in the area of mental health which cancer people often reported
A] psychosocial issues- many cancer survivors complain that there are little emotional support or financial support from the government or family or relatives. Many patients even losses their services when they are detected cancer and they are severely depressed. They faces mental trauma and shock when they hear about their cancer. They fear of their recurrences of the cancer and follow up visit and further expenditure. They are afraid of severe pain. The city of kolkata so needs awareness about the disease particularly in rural and sub urban cities and there might be mobile cancer detection units from department of health and family planning west Bengal roaming at villages at free of cost but never by the private institutions Such system are non existent even in Kolkata city and a far off concept for the rural village and suburban. People spend often Rs 60,000 on a treatment at private health care institutes that can be easily undertaken for Rs 3,000 if there was government level vigilance on mush rooming private health care systems, with law and bill for extreme punishment for such malpractices with terminally ill. To combat cancer, one needs strong emotional support, from family and other cancer survivors.”
B] in the Childhood Cancer Survivor are of median time of survivors for 14 years in one study[2] . But they are likely developing thyroid related cancers and other thyroid related problems like hypothyroidism[17%]. Radiation-related thyroid cancer doubles for every gray (Gy) of exposure to the thyroid. Radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer increased with increasing I-131 dose and was greatest for those individuals who were younger at the time of exposure. Risk appeared similar for men and women. As for example, Treatment for Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is found to be associated with a variety of thyroid abnormalities, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid neoplasms like pappilary carcinomas
C] the incidence rate of contra lateral breast cancer positive for the estrogen receptor (ER] We know from randomized trials that drugs like tamoxifen significantly can reduce the risk of a contra lateral breast cancer, by about 40 percent, Tyrosine inhibitors may be used with good results
D] Skin cancer is one of the most common secondary neoplasms amongst many childhood cancer survivors. Behavioral interventions addressing lifestyle factors, including sun safety behaviors, among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer should be integrated into long-term care to reduce the risk for secondary malignancies and diseases.
E] The incidence of major congenital birth abnormalities was slightly higher in the offspring of male cancer survivors compared with children of fathers with no history of cancer, The increasing number of male cancer survivors has given rise to concerns about the health of their offspring. Although previous studies on children conceived naturally have been reassuring about the health of the children, The researchers found that a paternal history of cancer was associated with a 17% increased relative risk of major congenital malformations
For example in hematological malignancies, generally when treated with chemotherapy, were associated with a non-statistically significant increased risk of congenital abnormalities in children with a paternal history of cancer compared to those without, no such increased risk was seen with children with a paternal history of testicular seminoma
[ census 2011 shows it’s population increased 122 cores next to china and West Bengal it is approximately 9.6 cores ] and at any one time it is estimated that there may be not less but over 3.5 million or people with cancers in different age group from childhood to aged. Number of Cancer Patients at present in West Bengal approx. 3,50,000. Number of Cancer Patients increasing every year in West Bengal approx. 69,000. Radiotherapy needed every year for patients Approx. 60,000 when Radiotherapy capacity of West Bengal at present Approx. 22,000. Fatal consequences for want of essential treatment Approx30,000. Cancer had never been a prominent healthcare issues in kolkata , West Bengal, as per first author, compared with other diseases in West Bengal and in Kolkata. But the fact is that as a histopathologist of the city in tertiary medical colleges of the city, the first author’s last 26 years experience while diagnosing biopsies, is that various histological types of cancers, like Lung, Breast, Cervical, Neck cancer , Skin, Mouth cancer, Thyroid cancers, child hood leukemias , Lymphomas, soft tissues sarcomas are also emerging today as a significant health problem in kolkata and suburban people of West Bengal. Peculiarly Cancer patients for some unknown reasons, are most prominently found amongst low socioeconomic class people, possibly due to their diet, consumption of bidi, other form of tobacco, local made alcohol, STDs , HPV poor vitamin and antioxidants use and other habit or some kinds of genetic susceptibility and their very low financial capability for purchasing health, and pocket expenditure, access towards any three or five star hotel private health care institutions, where gadgets for advanced treatment and diagnostic facility may be available but with complete business and huge amount profit outlook and nonetheless family members illiteracy also contribute towards their advanced stages of disease on presentation to public tertiary care hospitals clinics, and due to very high cost chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, biological therapy [ Chemotherapy not only kills the patient ultimately and their family members too economically ]and most of people accepts Homeopathy, Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM) are often the only therapies available for low socioeconomic people in West Bengal , as they are less costly and in affordable reach to poor socioeconomic class of West Bengal . India has just 48-50 doctors per 100,000 people compared to the UK with 230 and the US with 256. The poor provision of public sector healthcare in cancer diagnosis and therapy in tertiary care Medical colleges means many people (even a section of the poor) turn to the private sectors cancer treatment centers, those are far distant of all kinds of human face towards the cancer and terminally ill and they understands in terms of only business and money making centers. The number of cancer patients are steadily increasing also in India due to early and improved histopathological diagnosis and improved modality of treatment facilities only for the upper class and rich class societies. The majority of Indian cancer patients present late stage incurable diseases (75% to 80%) when first diagnosed. Chemotherapy [ The authors really doubt how much the costly chemotherapy is benificial for ultimate survivors except in few histological type cancers and when diagnosed most early ] or Radiotherapy or targeted biological & immunological therapy of Cancer patients with both solid and hematological malignancy including Stem Cell Transplantation facility[in infancy] are today available in certain centers of Kolkata, West Bengal .
Presently in India, out of a million newly diagnosed cancer patients each year, more than 60% die within 12-24 months of diagnosis and another one million cancer survivors show progressive disease within five years of diagnosis[5] The number of U.S. cancer survivors however increased from 9.8 million in 2001 to 11.7 million in 2007, according to an analysis of new cancer cases and follow-up data from NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program published in march 11th 2011 report[6]. According to that report, it were however breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers were the most common types of cancer amongst those survivors in US, accounting for 51 percent of total cancer diagnoses in USA. In that study, among all cancer survivors, 54.3 percent were female, 45.7 percent were male, nearly 7 million were 65 years of age or older, and 4.7 million received their diagnosis 10 or more years earlier. The increase seen over the past 4 decades is attributable to a variety of factors, including an aging U.S. population, most earlier detection of cancer by CT MRI and with help of immunochemistry .PCR, Flowcytometry, expert histopathologists services and more &more sophisticated treatments that allow individuals to live longer following initial diagnosis[1] As for the incidence of gliomas is increasing worldwide, including India and in one study from West Bengal, India, in which only 7.9% of brain tumors were GBMs, while 46.8% were astrocytomas. Low grade gliomas (LGGs) typically occur in younger adults, normally before age 40, and encompass a spectrum of histological subtypes that resemble differentiated macroglial cells, without evidence of anaplasia. Diffuse astrocytomas represent 60 – 70% of the LGGs and are the most common of LGGs The subtypes of low-grade astrocytomas include fibrillary, protoplasmic, pilocytic, and gemistocytic astrocytoma. The fibrillary subtype is the most common in adults while the gemistocytic subtype is less common, but has a higher potential for anaplastic transformation. Other histological subtypes of the LGGs include the juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), which usually occurs before age 25, oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma (LGO/LGOA), ganglioglioma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), subependymomas, and desmoplastic gangliomas. Different gliomas occur in differentage groups and some entities such are PXA are more common in adolescents, while others are more common in the elderly, such as GBM[3]
But cancer survivors must faces several health related issues, Health risks, poor mental, financial ,physical, and social and sexual Quality of life[ QOL ]that must be looked for. Of these many QOL domains, the largest disparity is often found in the area of mental health which cancer people often reported
A] psychosocial issues- many cancer survivors complain that there are little emotional support or financial support from the government or family or relatives. Many patients even losses their services when they are detected cancer and they are severely depressed. They faces mental trauma and shock when they hear about their cancer. They fear of their recurrences of the cancer and follow up visit and further expenditure. They are afraid of severe pain. The city of kolkata so needs awareness about the disease particularly in rural and sub urban cities and there might be mobile cancer detection units from department of health and family planning west Bengal roaming at villages at free of cost but never by the private institutions Such system are non existent even in Kolkata city and a far off concept for the rural village and suburban. People spend often Rs 60,000 on a treatment at private health care institutes that can be easily undertaken for Rs 3,000 if there was government level vigilance on mush rooming private health care systems, with law and bill for extreme punishment for such malpractices with terminally ill. To combat cancer, one needs strong emotional support, from family and other cancer survivors.”
B] in the Childhood Cancer Survivor are of median time of survivors for 14 years in one study[2] . But they are likely developing thyroid related cancers and other thyroid related problems like hypothyroidism[17%]. Radiation-related thyroid cancer doubles for every gray (Gy) of exposure to the thyroid. Radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer increased with increasing I-131 dose and was greatest for those individuals who were younger at the time of exposure. Risk appeared similar for men and women. As for example, Treatment for Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is found to be associated with a variety of thyroid abnormalities, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid neoplasms like pappilary carcinomas
C] the incidence rate of contra lateral breast cancer positive for the estrogen receptor (ER] We know from randomized trials that drugs like tamoxifen significantly can reduce the risk of a contra lateral breast cancer, by about 40 percent, Tyrosine inhibitors may be used with good results
D] Skin cancer is one of the most common secondary neoplasms amongst many childhood cancer survivors. Behavioral interventions addressing lifestyle factors, including sun safety behaviors, among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer should be integrated into long-term care to reduce the risk for secondary malignancies and diseases.
E] The incidence of major congenital birth abnormalities was slightly higher in the offspring of male cancer survivors compared with children of fathers with no history of cancer, The increasing number of male cancer survivors has given rise to concerns about the health of their offspring. Although previous studies on children conceived naturally have been reassuring about the health of the children, The researchers found that a paternal history of cancer was associated with a 17% increased relative risk of major congenital malformations
For example in hematological malignancies, generally when treated with chemotherapy, were associated with a non-statistically significant increased risk of congenital abnormalities in children with a paternal history of cancer compared to those without, no such increased risk was seen with children with a paternal history of testicular seminoma
Reference
1] Kristine Crane” Offspring of Male Cancer Survivors Have Slightly Higher Risk of Congenital Birth Abnormalities” Journal of National Cancer Institute jncimedia@oxfordjournals.org 301-841-1285
1] Kristine Crane” Offspring of Male Cancer Survivors Have Slightly Higher Risk of Congenital Birth Abnormalities” Journal of National Cancer Institute jncimedia@oxfordjournals.org 301-841-1285
2] Charles Sklar, John Whitton, Ann Mertens, Marilyn Stovall, Daniel Green, Neyssa Marina, Brian Greffe, Suzanne Wolden and Leslie Robison “Abnormalities of the Thyroid in Survivors of Hodgkin’s Disease: Data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 85, No. 9 3227-3232 doi:10.1210/jc.85.9.3227
3] Khan MK, Hunter GK, Vogelbaum M, Suh JH, Chao ST “Evidence-based adjuvant therapy for gliomas: Current concepts and newer developments” Indian Journal of Cancer Vol. 46, No. 2, April-June, 2009, pp. 96-107
4] Mays D, Black JD, Mosher RB, Shad AT, Tercyak KP
Improving short-term sun safety practices among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. [JOURNAL ARTICLE] J Cancer Surviv 2011 Feb 27
3] Khan MK, Hunter GK, Vogelbaum M, Suh JH, Chao ST “Evidence-based adjuvant therapy for gliomas: Current concepts and newer developments” Indian Journal of Cancer Vol. 46, No. 2, April-June, 2009, pp. 96-107
4] Mays D, Black JD, Mosher RB, Shad AT, Tercyak KP
Improving short-term sun safety practices among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. [JOURNAL ARTICLE] J Cancer Surviv 2011 Feb 27
5] Alex Broom, KR Nayar,Philip Tovey,Rashmi Shirali, Rakesh Thakur, Tulika Seth, Prem Chhetri Indian Cancer Patients’ use of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) and delays in presentation to Hospital OMJ. 24, 103-107 (2009); doi:10.5001/omj.2009.24
6] U.S. Cancer Survivors Increase to Nearly 12 Million- National cancer Institute Bulletin-A trusted source for cancer research bulletin- cancer research Highlights March 11,2011 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Copy Right- The content is Intellectual Property of Authors. Copy Right of this comment published in Journal Archives of Annals of Internal Medicine/ JAMA/Plos Blogs belongs to Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya and his first degree relatives only as per copy right act & rules of Intellectual Property Right Rules 3D/107/1201 a,b/ RDF Copy Right rules/ SPARC copy Right rules-2006/ and Protect intellectual Property Right(PIP) copy right rules of USA-2012.Please do not Infringe and be enough careful for your own safety if you are not direct Blood relation to prof Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya . No person, No NGOS [ except the authors& first degree relatives] in the state of West Bengal or in any states of India or in any abroad countries are authorized to use this article, with any meaning full, scientific sentences or with scientific and meaning full words laid out in this article either in the class room/ or in mass teaching programme including CME or in any form what so ever it is with any content of this article or while in writing any book or for his/her personal/ home use, or collective works or for any future Research or implementation as a policy matter or,[ except the authors ]or by Xeroxing and distributing the article/ or by printing/saving/broadcasting the article from any website of internet services,displayed without proper copy right clearance from the authors or from his family members or future copy right owner by written forms. A second wave of swine flue coming in tropical countries
Authors are_:
Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal Univ) FIC Path(Ind.), Professor and HOD Pathology Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine ,108 CR Avenue Kol-73 and Ex-Professor of Pathology, In charge of Histopathology unit, in charge- Cytogenetics, Blood Bank &VCCTC Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research[IPGME&R] ,244a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, W.B, India,
Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal Univ) FIC Path(Ind.), Professor and HOD Pathology Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine ,108 CR Avenue Kol-73 and Ex-Professor of Pathology, In charge of Histopathology unit, in charge- Cytogenetics, Blood Bank &VCCTC Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research[IPGME&R] ,244a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, W.B, India,
Bhattacharya Upasana- Daughter of Prof PK Bhattacharya-Student
Bhattacharya Rupak Bsc(cal.Univ)) MSC, Bhattacharya Ritwik, B.Com(Cal.Univ) ), Rupsa Bhattacharya ; Soumayak Bhattacharya Msc HM of 7/51 Purbapalli,PO- Sodepur N-24 Parganas, Kol-110. W.B, , Mukherjee Dalia BA (hons) cal, Mukherjee Debasis Bsc(cal), Oaidrila Mukherjee of Swamiji Road South Habra North 24 Parganas(n) W.B India
Bhattacharya Rupak Bsc(cal.Univ)) MSC, Bhattacharya Ritwik, B.Com(Cal.Univ) ), Rupsa Bhattacharya ; Soumayak Bhattacharya Msc HM of 7/51 Purbapalli,PO- Sodepur N-24 Parganas, Kol-110. W.B, , Mukherjee Dalia BA (hons) cal, Mukherjee Debasis Bsc(cal), Oaidrila Mukherjee of Swamiji Road South Habra North 24 Parganas(n) W.B India
Please See published link of this article at
The WHO says that many countries in tropical regions (represented by Central America and tropical regions of Asia including India), will continue to see increasing or sustained high levels of influenza activity with some countries reporting moderate amount strains on their healthcare system. In temperate areas of the northern hemisphere (represented by North America, Europe, and Central Asia ,India), H1N1 influenza and respiratory disease activity remains though however low overall, with some countries and some provinces experiencing only localized or pocket outbreaks of the disease. In Japan, the level of influenza activity has passed the seasonal epidemic threshold, signaling a very early beginning to the annual influenza season. Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus continues to be the predominant circulating strain of influenza, both in the northern and southern hemisphere of world 1 Total laboratory confirmed cases reported up to 23rd August 2009 by H1N1 over 2,09,438 while death occurred in at Least 2185 cases (1.04%) globally as per WHO, while death confirmed by CDC were 522 by 15th august 2009. In India death occurred in more then 130 cases up to 31 st August 2009.The countries and overseas territories/communities that have newly reported their first pandemic (H1N1) 2009 confirmed case(s) since the last web update as of 23 August 2009 are: Cameroon, Madagascar, and Mozambique. 1
Region Cumulative total
as of 23 Aug 2009
Cases* Deaths
WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) 3843 11
WHO Regional Office for the Americas (AMRO) 110113 1876
WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) 3128 10
WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO) Over 42,557 At least 85
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO) 15771 139
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WPRO) 34026 64
as of 23 Aug 2009
Cases* Deaths
WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) 3843 11
WHO Regional Office for the Americas (AMRO) 110113 1876
WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) 3128 10
WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO) Over 42,557 At least 85
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO) 15771 139
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WPRO) 34026 64
Total Over 209438 At Least 2185
*Given that countries are no longer required to test and report individual cases, the number of cases reported actually understates the real number of cases.
Too rapid spread
2009 influenza pandemic has spread internationally with an unprecedented speed. In past, in all flue pandemics, flu viruses had needed more than six months to spread as widely as the new H1N1 virus, which has spread in less than five or six weeks. It is due to that international air travel is far more common then in previous pandemic times
A second wave is coming _:
WHO is advising the countries in northern hemisphere of planet to get them prepared in their health care infrastructure for a second wave of H1N1 pandemic spread? Countries with tropical climates, where the pandemic virus arrived much later than elsewhere, like in India also need to be prepared for a gradual increasing number of cases. Evidence from multiple outbreak sites demonstrates that the H1N1 pandemic virus has rapidly established itself and is now the dominant influenza strain in most parts of the world particularly in USA. The pandemic will persist in the coming months as the virus continues to move through susceptible populations
The clinical picture of pandemic influenza is largely consistent across all countries. The overwhelming majority of patients continued to experience mild to moderate illness. Although the virus can cause very severe and fatal illness, also in young and healthy people, the number of such cases however remains small over all the world. However large numbers of people in all countries will remain susceptible to infection during the 2nd wave. Even if the current pattern of usually mild illness continues, the impact of the pandemic during 2nd wave is larger numbers of severely ill patients requiring more and more intensive care infrastructure are likely to be the most coming urgent burden on health services, creating pressures that could overwhelm intensive care units and possibly disrupt the provision of care for other diseases. The age groups affected by the pandemic are generally younger. Most higher risk population who will require probably hospitalization and will experience higher death rate are among certain subgroups like Obese people, those are suffering from asthma, COPD, T.B, diabetes, hypertension, people living under socio economic deprived conditions like poverty laden people[60% people in west Bengal provinces] of India and people having multiple health problems, with little access to basic health care. This is true for those most frequently infected, and especially so for those experiencing severe or fatal illness. To date, most severe cases and deaths have occurred in adults under the age of 50 years, with deaths in the elderly comparatively rare. This age distribution is in sharp contrast with seasonal influenza, where around 90% of severe and fatal cases occur in people 65 years of age or older. Perhaps most significantly, clinicians from around the world are reporting a very severe form of disease, also in young and otherwise healthy people, which is rarely seen during seasonal influenza infections. In these patients, the virus directly infects the deeper lung, causing severe respiratory failure. Saving these lives depends on highly specialized and demanding care in intensive care units, usually with long and costly stays.The second wave could worsen as larger numbers of people become infected. The Second wave may affect resulting in 1.8 million hospitalizations and 90 000 deaths only in USA One important hope and good news is that swine flue H1N1 virus is not yet became more virulent neither the virus has been mutated since appearing in Mexico in April 2009
*Given that countries are no longer required to test and report individual cases, the number of cases reported actually understates the real number of cases.
Too rapid spread
2009 influenza pandemic has spread internationally with an unprecedented speed. In past, in all flue pandemics, flu viruses had needed more than six months to spread as widely as the new H1N1 virus, which has spread in less than five or six weeks. It is due to that international air travel is far more common then in previous pandemic times
A second wave is coming _:
WHO is advising the countries in northern hemisphere of planet to get them prepared in their health care infrastructure for a second wave of H1N1 pandemic spread? Countries with tropical climates, where the pandemic virus arrived much later than elsewhere, like in India also need to be prepared for a gradual increasing number of cases. Evidence from multiple outbreak sites demonstrates that the H1N1 pandemic virus has rapidly established itself and is now the dominant influenza strain in most parts of the world particularly in USA. The pandemic will persist in the coming months as the virus continues to move through susceptible populations
The clinical picture of pandemic influenza is largely consistent across all countries. The overwhelming majority of patients continued to experience mild to moderate illness. Although the virus can cause very severe and fatal illness, also in young and healthy people, the number of such cases however remains small over all the world. However large numbers of people in all countries will remain susceptible to infection during the 2nd wave. Even if the current pattern of usually mild illness continues, the impact of the pandemic during 2nd wave is larger numbers of severely ill patients requiring more and more intensive care infrastructure are likely to be the most coming urgent burden on health services, creating pressures that could overwhelm intensive care units and possibly disrupt the provision of care for other diseases. The age groups affected by the pandemic are generally younger. Most higher risk population who will require probably hospitalization and will experience higher death rate are among certain subgroups like Obese people, those are suffering from asthma, COPD, T.B, diabetes, hypertension, people living under socio economic deprived conditions like poverty laden people[60% people in west Bengal provinces] of India and people having multiple health problems, with little access to basic health care. This is true for those most frequently infected, and especially so for those experiencing severe or fatal illness. To date, most severe cases and deaths have occurred in adults under the age of 50 years, with deaths in the elderly comparatively rare. This age distribution is in sharp contrast with seasonal influenza, where around 90% of severe and fatal cases occur in people 65 years of age or older. Perhaps most significantly, clinicians from around the world are reporting a very severe form of disease, also in young and otherwise healthy people, which is rarely seen during seasonal influenza infections. In these patients, the virus directly infects the deeper lung, causing severe respiratory failure. Saving these lives depends on highly specialized and demanding care in intensive care units, usually with long and costly stays.The second wave could worsen as larger numbers of people become infected. The Second wave may affect resulting in 1.8 million hospitalizations and 90 000 deaths only in USA One important hope and good news is that swine flue H1N1 virus is not yet became more virulent neither the virus has been mutated since appearing in Mexico in April 2009
HIV Patients are not however at risk
The 2009 influenza pandemic is the first to occur since the emergence of HIV/AIDS. Early data from two countries suggest that people co-infected with H1N1 and HIV are not at increased risk of severe or fatal illness, provided these patients are receiving antiretroviral therapy. In most of these patients, illness caused by H1N1 has been mild, with full recovery. On current estimates, around 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Of these, WHO estimates that around 4 million were receiving antiretroviral therapy at the end of 2008.
The 2009 influenza pandemic is the first to occur since the emergence of HIV/AIDS. Early data from two countries suggest that people co-infected with H1N1 and HIV are not at increased risk of severe or fatal illness, provided these patients are receiving antiretroviral therapy. In most of these patients, illness caused by H1N1 has been mild, with full recovery. On current estimates, around 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Of these, WHO estimates that around 4 million were receiving antiretroviral therapy at the end of 2008.
What is with Osletamivir?
Anti-viral drugs Osletamivir are of questionable efficacy as per authors with some dangerous side effects like the ones reported in Japan people are, abusing of the regular flu vaccination, which is not useful for swine flu, used oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) against people diagnosed with the virus. In India and in West Bengal provinces of India swine flue patients were treated with oseltamivir( Tamiflue) as per WHO guide line, only who were positive for viral DNAby RT PCR in their throat swab test in government tertiary care hospital setup. Mexico City,USA also used oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) against people diagnosed with the virus.The Fact about Tamiflu [Oseltamivir] is that it may be able to delay the spread of the virus for a short period of time (but will not prevent it’s spread ultimately); that it can shorten the duration of the illness by about a day (but not the fact that it can save lives or even prevent serious complications of the flu); that it is “an unpleasant experience” to take with side effects ranging from nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations to serious, rare effects like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis 4 . If the Tamiflue given permission to be open prescribed by General practitioners and if given permission for open sell in medicine shops, then a large proportion of patients by GPs then many will be there who will be offered this antivirals unnecessarily for a flue like illness with fever. Antiviral susceptibility testing has increased in several countries, confirming that pandemic H1N1 influenza virus remains sensitive to the antiviral oseltamivir, except for sporadic reports of oseltamivir resistant pandemic H1N1 virus detailed in the previous web update[3 cases till date]
Vaccine is the solution
The companies like CSL and Vaxine have both begun tests on their products swine flue vaccine. CSL carried tests on 240 healthy adult volunteers while Vaxine had 300O one group in the CSL trial got one dose, while a second group got two doses, on the basis that if just one does protects then there will be more vaccine to go round. In IndiaCIPLA is trying to get a vaccine against Swine flue H1N1 virus.
The first batch of vaccine for the influenza A/H1N1 2009 “swine flu” pandemic should be ready and licensed by October,2009,[1a] and the United Kingdom’s government has ordered enough vaccine for each person to receive two doses in their own country. However UK government has it’s prioritization plan already announced, and frontline healthcare workers will be among the first to be offered this vaccination. A questioner based study showed that the overall willingness to accept this pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine was then only 28.4% in their first survey, conducted at WHO influenza pandemic alert phase 3. No significant changes in the level of willingness to accept pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine were observed despite the escalation to alert phase 6. The willingness to accept pre-pandemic H1N1 vaccine was however 47.9% among healthcare workers when the WHO alert level was at phase 5. The most common reasons for an intention to accept were “wishes to be protected” and “following health authority’s advice.” The major barriers identified were fear of side effects and doubts about efficacy. More than half of the respondents thought nurses should be the first priority group to receive such swine flue vaccines. The strongest positive associating factors were history of seasonal influenza vaccination and perceived risk of contracting the infection. There remains other side also. A strong and growing opposition for swine flue vaccine growing. A survey published online this week in the BMJ found that just over half of 8500 healthcare workers in Hong Kong said they must not be vaccinated against swine flu because of strong fears of side effects and doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness[ 2] And a survey by Israel’s ministry of health similarly found that at least 25% of the population is not willing to be vaccinated against swine flu2. Can we be sure that the new pandemic H1N1 vaccine will be as effective and safe as it is seasonal flu vaccines? The European Commission has already approved four “mock-up” vaccines developed by Baxter, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis on the basis of earlier immunogenicity and safety data generated with H5N1 virus strains particular concern for recipients may be the association of the 1976-77 swine flu vaccine with Guillain-Barré syndrome, with an attributable risk of around 12 cases per million vaccinations.3 This rare event has decreased greatly during the past 15 years (to around 0.7 reports/million vaccinations).[1a] More over swine flue virus may cause parkinsonism like bird flue H5N1,the virus can sneak into the brain via the peripheral nervous system and it may plays a role in killing dopamine neurons. But need not to be panic
The fear is unnecessary. However a randomised control trial is vital
Anti-viral drugs Osletamivir are of questionable efficacy as per authors with some dangerous side effects like the ones reported in Japan people are, abusing of the regular flu vaccination, which is not useful for swine flu, used oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) against people diagnosed with the virus. In India and in West Bengal provinces of India swine flue patients were treated with oseltamivir( Tamiflue) as per WHO guide line, only who were positive for viral DNAby RT PCR in their throat swab test in government tertiary care hospital setup. Mexico City,USA also used oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) against people diagnosed with the virus.The Fact about Tamiflu [Oseltamivir] is that it may be able to delay the spread of the virus for a short period of time (but will not prevent it’s spread ultimately); that it can shorten the duration of the illness by about a day (but not the fact that it can save lives or even prevent serious complications of the flu); that it is “an unpleasant experience” to take with side effects ranging from nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations to serious, rare effects like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis 4 . If the Tamiflue given permission to be open prescribed by General practitioners and if given permission for open sell in medicine shops, then a large proportion of patients by GPs then many will be there who will be offered this antivirals unnecessarily for a flue like illness with fever. Antiviral susceptibility testing has increased in several countries, confirming that pandemic H1N1 influenza virus remains sensitive to the antiviral oseltamivir, except for sporadic reports of oseltamivir resistant pandemic H1N1 virus detailed in the previous web update[3 cases till date]
Vaccine is the solution
The companies like CSL and Vaxine have both begun tests on their products swine flue vaccine. CSL carried tests on 240 healthy adult volunteers while Vaxine had 300O one group in the CSL trial got one dose, while a second group got two doses, on the basis that if just one does protects then there will be more vaccine to go round. In IndiaCIPLA is trying to get a vaccine against Swine flue H1N1 virus.
The first batch of vaccine for the influenza A/H1N1 2009 “swine flu” pandemic should be ready and licensed by October,2009,[1a] and the United Kingdom’s government has ordered enough vaccine for each person to receive two doses in their own country. However UK government has it’s prioritization plan already announced, and frontline healthcare workers will be among the first to be offered this vaccination. A questioner based study showed that the overall willingness to accept this pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine was then only 28.4% in their first survey, conducted at WHO influenza pandemic alert phase 3. No significant changes in the level of willingness to accept pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine were observed despite the escalation to alert phase 6. The willingness to accept pre-pandemic H1N1 vaccine was however 47.9% among healthcare workers when the WHO alert level was at phase 5. The most common reasons for an intention to accept were “wishes to be protected” and “following health authority’s advice.” The major barriers identified were fear of side effects and doubts about efficacy. More than half of the respondents thought nurses should be the first priority group to receive such swine flue vaccines. The strongest positive associating factors were history of seasonal influenza vaccination and perceived risk of contracting the infection. There remains other side also. A strong and growing opposition for swine flue vaccine growing. A survey published online this week in the BMJ found that just over half of 8500 healthcare workers in Hong Kong said they must not be vaccinated against swine flu because of strong fears of side effects and doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness[ 2] And a survey by Israel’s ministry of health similarly found that at least 25% of the population is not willing to be vaccinated against swine flu2. Can we be sure that the new pandemic H1N1 vaccine will be as effective and safe as it is seasonal flu vaccines? The European Commission has already approved four “mock-up” vaccines developed by Baxter, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis on the basis of earlier immunogenicity and safety data generated with H5N1 virus strains particular concern for recipients may be the association of the 1976-77 swine flu vaccine with Guillain-Barré syndrome, with an attributable risk of around 12 cases per million vaccinations.3 This rare event has decreased greatly during the past 15 years (to around 0.7 reports/million vaccinations).[1a] More over swine flue virus may cause parkinsonism like bird flue H5N1,the virus can sneak into the brain via the peripheral nervous system and it may plays a role in killing dopamine neurons. But need not to be panic
The fear is unnecessary. However a randomised control trial is vital
How much vaccine is needed to cover the pandemic? If each shot of pandemic flu vaccine contains 15 micrograms of swine flue viral antigens — the dose used in seasonal flu — and no adjuvant, annual global capacity stands then at about 876 million doses, according to the WHO. But as virtually no one is immune to the virus, most experts said that each person will need two doses, immediately halving that capacity. Moreover, higher doses of antigen may be needed to get an adequate response, further reducing capacity. Using adjuvants would boost annual capacity — to more than two billion doses in some WHOprojections. But such a huge amount of doses vaccine preparation will take much time. By this time a second wave is expected though no of cases has already declined. A sharp rise in cases during the winter months is expected as a second wave. In India, already more then 140 persons died of the swine flue. Will not Indian people, Indian health care givers, those dealing with swine flue patients and their family members need vaccination? In India, priority of swine flue vaccine should be first for healthcare professionals, chronically ill people, and children under 5. However a survey study showed that the potential benefits of influenza vaccination for healthcare workers are threefold—personal protection, protection of patients, and reduction of absenteeism,
the current H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza strain is co-circulating with a very similar seasonal A (H1N1) influenza virus in many countries, which may offer some cross-immunity via its more conserved internal proteins (e.g., the matrix and nucleoprotein) in individuals who have been recently infected naturally with this seasonal A (H1N1) virus
If there is any significant cross-immunity conferred by antibodies raised to these internal viral proteins, this may mitigate the future scale of any pandemic with this virus. So, the eventual spread of this novel influenza A (H1N1) virus may not be as widespread.
the current H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza strain is co-circulating with a very similar seasonal A (H1N1) influenza virus in many countries, which may offer some cross-immunity via its more conserved internal proteins (e.g., the matrix and nucleoprotein) in individuals who have been recently infected naturally with this seasonal A (H1N1) virus
If there is any significant cross-immunity conferred by antibodies raised to these internal viral proteins, this may mitigate the future scale of any pandemic with this virus. So, the eventual spread of this novel influenza A (H1N1) virus may not be as widespread.
References
1] Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 63 ;Weekly update Global Alert and Response (GAR) World Health Organization
1a ] Department of Health. Letter from office of David Nicholson chief executive of the NHS in England, 13 August 2009. www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_104309.pdf Editorials Should healthcare workers have the swine flu vaccine?Evidence from decades of seasonal vaccination suggests likely benefits and low risk of adverse events BMJ 2009;339:b3398
2] Zosia Kmietowicz News Opposition to swine flu vaccine seems to be growing worldwide : BMJ 2009;339:b3461
3] Breman JG, Hayner NS. Guillain-Barré syndrome and its relationship to swine influenza vaccination in Michigan, 1976-1977. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:880-9.
4] Robert W Leckridge Questions about the swine flu strategy Rapid Responses published to feature article by Adrian O’Dowd A/H1N1 influenza update BMJ 2009; 339: b2977 on28 July 2009
1] Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 63 ;Weekly update Global Alert and Response (GAR) World Health Organization
1a ] Department of Health. Letter from office of David Nicholson chief executive of the NHS in England, 13 August 2009. www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_104309.pdf Editorials Should healthcare workers have the swine flu vaccine?Evidence from decades of seasonal vaccination suggests likely benefits and low risk of adverse events BMJ 2009;339:b3398
2] Zosia Kmietowicz News Opposition to swine flu vaccine seems to be growing worldwide : BMJ 2009;339:b3461
3] Breman JG, Hayner NS. Guillain-Barré syndrome and its relationship to swine influenza vaccination in Michigan, 1976-1977. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:880-9.
4] Robert W Leckridge Questions about the swine flu strategy Rapid Responses published to feature article by Adrian O’Dowd A/H1N1 influenza update BMJ 2009; 339: b2977 on28 July 2009
Where Went the Anti matter?
Authors_:
*Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya-Bsc(cal), Msc(JU), 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas(north) Kol-110,West Bengal, India**Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya- MD(cal) FIC Path(Ind), Professor &HOD of Pathology Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine,108 CR Avenue Kol-73,l Ex Professor of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research,244 a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, West Bengal, India,**Miss Upasana Bhattacharya-daughter of Prof.PK Bhattacharya*Mr.Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal), Somayak Bhattacharya MBA 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 parganas(north) ,Kolkata-110,WestBengal, India***** Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) Cal, Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north) West Bengal, India*** Miss Oaindrila Mukherjee-Student ,Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north), West Bengal, India
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Antimatter is now extremely rare in our observable universe, but at one time antimatter comprised half the Universe. According to cosmologists, when the Universe began in Palnk’s moment of Big bang it was smaller than an atom, hotter than our Sun is, and perfectly in balanced form — like a 50-50 mixture of matter and antimatter. Then, just one second after the start of the big bang, the antimatter surprisingly disappeared. What happened to it all is still a big question before physicists?
Some Scientists may have a pretty good idea of where the antimatter went: it annihilated almost all of the matter in the early Universe-they say. The bit that remained went on to form all the material stuff in the Universe today, including the atoms found in cells in your body. Among the most pressing questions that now need to be answered is why some of that primordial matter survived and made possible everything in the cosmos, including life itself.
This is probably one of the hardest topics to be answered on many of the agendas of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, near Geneva from the Large Hadron Collider[LHC] experiment, where smashing beams of protons flows to produce the highest energy collisions produced in 27 Km (16.9-mile)tunnel of EarthA giant circular tunnel, with several loops, stretches for 27km under the land between France and Switzerland. LHC is a device that demands to be described in superlatives — it’s the world’s biggest piece of scientific apparatus, using particle beams circulating in the world’s biggest fridge tunnel and has its results processed by the world’s most powerful super computer technology.
During every seconds of its operation, the LHC top scientists may find hundreds of subatomic particles smash-ups in space-time smaller than a pinhead. Every collision generates a spray of hundreds of particles and antiparticles, many of them will be monitored by huge detectors (the largest would only just fit inside Westminster Abbey). In this way LHC scientists can today simulate the conditions in the Universe a billionth of a second after its birth, The BIG Bang, when antimatter was almost as common as matter. The upshot is that CERN scientists so will soon be able to study antimatter in detail, shedding light on its behavior and on its possible medical applications, such as the treatment of cancer if any. Scientists could have detected anti-matter particles, known as geo-neutrinos, emitted during nuclear reactions first time [2] into the interior of the Earth, to a depth of up to thousands of kilometers. Geo-neutrinos, which have almost no mass and no electrical charge, are emitted when radioactive elements in the Earth’s mantle decay into more stable substances. The decay of elements such as uranium and thorium are thought to contribute more than 50 per cent of the heat generated inside the planet, but the exact fraction is unknown. Measuring the number of geo-neutrinos emitted, and their energies, could help determine the proportions of different radioactive substances in the Earth’s mantle and the amount of heat energy they contribute
The opening of existence of antiparticle was first time written in 1931 by the famously English physicist Paul Dirac, who first conceived it. His publication was purely a theoretical speculation and discussion so far known before us, based on his faith in his mathematically beautiful equation for the electron, widely known before world as the Dirac equation. There was then no experimental evidence that this new kind of subatomic particle actually existed. After three years of poring over his equation, he further wrote that it made sense only if there existed another particle with exactly the same mass as the electron has, but however with the opposite electrical charge ,at least theoretically. No one had ever seen then such a particle but Paul Dirac was not surprised as his theory predicted that the instant a particle comes into contact with its antiparticle, the two must annihilate each other and produce a burst of high-energy light. He nonetheless named this product of his imagination the anti-electron and proposed that antiprotons — antiparticles of protons — should also exist. For Dirac’s colleagues, these ideas were much for laughing and to be taken seriously in scientific community.
But later Paul Dirac was proved to be absolutely right. In August 1932, the American physicist and Mathematician Carl Anderson observed a particle with the same mass as the electron but with the opposite charge among the cosmic rays raining down on the skies of Pasadena in California. He was then unaware of Dirac’s prediction and it took several months for physicists to put two and two together to conclude that Anderson had been the first to detect the anti-electron, later dubbed the positron (the antiproton took another 23 years to find). From the modern perspective, it took human beings a million years after our species evolved to detect the first evidence of antimatter, which had been around in the Universe for 13.7 billion years. Paul Dirac was rewarded for his boldness in December 1933 with the honor of becoming the youngest theoretician to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics co sharing with Anderson.
Soon it was clear that Dirac’s concept was much wider than he first thought — every fundamental particle of matter has a corresponding antiparticle. But antimatter presented a huge challenge for experimental proof. In order to study it in detail, it’s not good enough to study cosmic rays — for one thing, that no one knows when they will arrive on Earth. Rather, experimenters have to resort to brute force: they smash together subatomic particles, such as protons, and siphon off any antiparticles produced. They then store them, ready for experimenters to study.
This turns out be the Devil’s own job: the total mass of all the antimatter produced every year globally by all the particle accelerators is only about ten billionths of a gram. The amount sounds more impressive when put in terms of the number of antiparticles produced annually: roughly a hundred thousand billion. Not bad when you consider that in the year after Anderson detected the first anti-electron the number of them observed in the entire world was four.
Dirac’s image of every antiparticle as being in some sense the opposite of its corresponding particle survived until 1964, when two American experimenters demonstrated that, in some special circumstances, there is an extremely slight asymmetry between matter and antimatter. This provided the current explanation of why matter predominated in the early Universe — soon after the beginning of time, the decay of some of the formed particles led to a surfeit of matter over antimatter of one part more per billion. On that smidgin, the existence of everything in our Universe depended. It’s that fundamental: without that broken symmetry, neither you nor I nor anything else would exist[1]. In 1967, Andrei Sakharov (the Nobel prize winner1975) pointed explained that CP violation is the cause of such an asymmetry in the universe .In shakarov’s CP violation theory & spontaneous symmetry breaking theory, the quark becomes an anti-quark while the anti-quark becomes a quark[dancing Quarks], thus transforming the kaon[combination of a quark and an anti quark? possible?] into its anti kaon. In this way the kaon particle flips between itself and its anti-self. But if the right conditions are met, the symmetry between matter and antimatter will be broken. Nambu , Kobayashi and Maskawa’s(Nobelprize winner of 2008 in Physics)[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/p...8/phyadv08.pdf theory The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 - Scientific Background] also indicated that it should be possible to study a major violation of symmetry in B-meson particles. It is known that neutral βs meson (β-anti quark &s anti quark) spontaneously transform into its antimatter particles. The current theory of particle physics states that βs meson oscillates very quickly. As a result of their oscillation an very difficult to detect what happens to antimatter. on the properties of subatomic particles βs meson(βsubs) suggest that particles oscillates between matter and antimatter in one of In the first few moments of the Universe, the anti-B-mesons might have decayed differently than their regular matter counterparts. By the time all the annihilations were complete, there was still enough matter left over to give us all the stars, planets and galaxies we see today. nature’s fastest rapid free process more than 17 trillion times per second.
So how did our universe survived of matter is a big puzzle.
Yet theoreticians have a serious problem. They don’t understand the extent of symmetry-breaking between matter and antimatter particles and so cannot understand the amount of matter in the Universe[3]. The Standard Model, which gives an excellent account of all nature’s fundamental particles and forces (except gravity), accounts for some of the symmetry-breaking, but not all of it[3]. The Model, based on quantum theory and Einstein’s Special Theory, urgently needs a steer from nature so that theoreticians can do a better job of setting out the patterns in the Universe’s underlying fabric. It is the job of the experimenters to ask the right questions of nature, ones that yield the most telling information about the pattern
References
1] Graham Farmelo Part of the Alpha experiment in the AD (Antiproton Decelerator) Hall at CERN Times Online 6th may2010
2] Hannah Devlin, Laura Margottini Geo-neutrino anti-matter found by scientists at Borexino detector Times Online march 15th 2010
3] Symmetry or Breaking the symmetry- what was the laws of nature- Thread’s author By Pranab at BAD Astronomy &Universe Today on 29th oct 2008 at www.bautforum.com
4] Why matter is more then antimatter in the Universe?-Our Theory Thread’s author By Pranab at BAD Astronomy &Universe Today on 29th oct 2008 at www.bautforum.com
5]https://www.facebook.com/NobelWeekDialogue- comment of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya on june25 &28 2013 and september19 2013 on topic posted there"How will humankind choose to meet the challenge of satisfying the ever-growing demand for power, against a backdrop of ever-decreasing natural resources and concerns about the environmental impact of energy use?"
Copy Right- Copy Right of this Article in Journal Science Blog/ or in Cosmoquest/ BAD Astronomy belongs to Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya and his first degree relatives only as per copy right act & rules of Intellectual Property Right Rules 3D/107/1201 a,b/ RDF Copy Right rules/ SPARC copy Right rules-2006/ and Protect intellectual Property Right(PIP) copy right rules of USA-2012.Please do not Infringe and be enough careful for your own safety if you are not direct Blood relation to prof Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya . No person, No NGOS [ except the authors& first degree relatives] in the state of West Bengal or in any states of India or in any abroad countries are authorized to use this article, with any meaning full, scientific sentences or with scientific and meaning full words laid out in this article either in the class room/ or in mass teaching programme including CME or in any form what so ever it is with any content of this article or while in writing any book or for his/her personal/ home use, or collective works or for any future Research or implementation as a policy matter or,[ except the authors ]or by Xeroxing and distributing the article/ or by printing/saving/broadcasting the article from any website of internet services,displayed without proper copy right clearance from the authors or from his family members or future copy right owner by written forms.
Human genetics: One gene, twenty years
Human genetics: One gene, twenty years
comments"The Risk of gene therapy must be weighted carefully against risk, benefit, Toxicology, death and Existing treatment protocol and must be approved by state ethical committee" bY Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya
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http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090708/full/460164a.html
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