Professor Pranab kumar Bhattaccharya's Article " Next Generation therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia" Listed in Thomson Reuter's Web of Science Data base in the last five years

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  your article has been cited in journal" Nature medicine"

Next-generation CML therapy

Nature Medicine

 

19,

 

28

 

(2013)

 

doi:10.1038/nm.3062   

see links

http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v19/n1/full/nm.3062.html 
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Recreating human livers, in mice for better drug testing and screening

Recreating human livers, in mice for better drug testing and screening
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/07/12/a-new-way-to-test-drugs-in-mice-with-human-livers/#comment-790869832

 Title-Stem cells  can be used to generate a new hepatocytes for transplantation in Liver failure
By Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal. Univ)
 Professor and Head of Pathology; Calcutta school of Tropical medicine
108, CR Avenue Kolkata-73 West Bengal; India

The current consensus  in the field that organ transplantation is the primary treatment for chronic liver disease like cirrhotics of liver and acute liver failure. Presently, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) is the only treatment that improves the survival rate in patients with ALF.
Throughout the world, there is a significant shortage of organ donors like liver and donation of any organ depends on a persons’ motivation and will to donate his or her organ, even after his brain death and no laws in the country can force a person to donate his or her organ and not even of a corpus.    The availability of an organ  so depends on the  local market system, though in some country like India , selling and buying of any organ is strictly prohibited by legislation.  Not only are there not enough livers, but the surgery for liver transplant  itself is traumatic, expensive,  requires specially trained liver transplant team and these individuals  who underwent liver transplant must live on immuno suppressants drugs for the rest of their lives which is again too costly.  The success rate of Liver Transplant in India specially in  Kolkata  is also very low. Taken as a whole, the liver transplant solution is incredibly expensive with a low success rate and only helps a small number of people affected with liver disease. However, recent
research into artificial livers shows many  probably show promising developments.

Biologic liver support methods are based on the use of XENOGENEIC livers or hepatocytes—parenchymatous cells of the liver—to support the failed human liver[5]. These methods exploit the
functions of biological cells, namely detoxification, metabolism(biotransformation), and biosynthesis. The foundations of biologic liver support were laid in 1932 when Krebs and Henseleit demonstratedmetabolic function in ex vivo samples of animal livers. More thantwo decades later, Otto et al became the first designers of an experimental animal extra-corporeal ex vivo liver perfusion system.
The first clinically applied biologic liver support, using a baboon liver, was reported in 1980. The contemporary era of biologic liver support began in 1975 when Wolf and Munkelt utilized isolated hepatocytes. During the past two decades, technological advances in liver cell isolation and culture and improved bio materials have formed the research base for the development of a variety of
liver-assist devices. A number of problems have not yet been fully solved,which demand further laboratory and clinical research before a truly effective liver support device can be developed; including enhancement of the cultured hepatocytes' preservation and longevity, and better understanding of thebiology of liver cell function and injury.

The first report of successful isolation of hepatocytes using collagenase perfusion dates back to 19698.Although a number of animal trials of hepatocyte transplantation have yielded encouraging results, evidence of long-term survival and function of transplanted human hepatocytes has been tantalizingly slow to come.1 Survival of isolated rat hepatocytes transplanted into the red pulp of the spleen was described in the late 1970s.[2] This and subsequent experimental studies focused on transplantation of ectopic hepatocytes—cells transplanted to non hepatic body regions such as the peritoneum, lungs, fat pads, and subcutaneous tissue. A number of studies have demonstrated that, in fact, ectopic hepatocytes are functional and able to proliferate extensively.[3,4]

The most successful transplantation of hepatocytes has been into the liver, where the engraftment
causes transitory (2–3 hours) portal hypertension.[4] The published literature suggests that
transplanting 1–5% of liver mass might be sufficient to restore adequate
functional activity and normal metabolic parameters to the failed liver.[5] Evidence of the effectiveness of the transplanted hepatocytes is typically based on anecdotal case reports.[6, 7, 8]

EXTRACORPOREAL BIOLOGIC REACTORS

Contemporary bio artificial liver support systems aim to provide adequate functional organ
replacement. This is potentially possible because perfusion through a sufficiently large number of hepatocytes could help to overcome liver failure and provide a safe bridge to OLT or recovery. This method is based on a biologic reactor containing a matrix supporting cultured cells. The patient's
blood flows through the reactor cartridge, plasma is ultra filtrated through the fibers into the cartridge's extra capillary space, and comes into contact with the hepatic cells. The exchange of metabolites is dependent on cell viability and metabolism. Human cells (allogeneic), animal cells (xenogeneic),and cell lines from immortalized liver cells or tumor cells (HepG2cells)
have been used.[8] Xenogeneic cell lines carry greater immunologic and zoonotic risks. The strategy of providing an adequate mass of human liver cells is based on the immortalization and spontaneous or genetic manipulation of human hepatocyte cultures, so that the cells maintain the full repertoire of liver functions. The possible use of these cells for transplantation is hindered by
the theoretical risk posed by the viral manipulation needed to derive the cells: the hepatocytes might rapidly lose liver-specific functions and die[8] At present there are two types of biologic reactor in use, the Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device (ELAD, Vital Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA) and theBioartificial Liver (BAL, HepatAssist, Circe Biomedical, Lexington, MA), which
can be distinguished on the basis of the cell source used for the bioreactors.

The Extracorporeal Liver-Assist Device[8]

Over the past two decades, researchers around the world have
made significant progress in the creation of a functioning artificial liver. In
particular, there have been many successes in engineering artificially grown
liver cells that replicate the liver’s functions with designs functioning both
inside and outside of the body. The extracorporeal liver assist device, or
ELAD, is one such achievement. Connecting this machine to individuals with
liver failure has allowed many individuals to survive long enough until an
organ becomes available and has even been successful in treating acute liver
failure . It also provides extra support to the liver, giving the organ time to
regenerate itself. As ELAD undergoes more clinical trials, an increasing number
of hospitals across the United States are beginning to offer it as a therapy
for liver disease patients. The FDA is asking for three to 10 days of ELAD
liver support to improve the 30-day survival that the similarly ill get with
today’s standard supportive care.The ELAD system uses the C3A
clone of the HepG2 cellline. Clinical testing of this system began in 1996 and indicated the need for
better prognostic indices arecently published trial demonstrated how the ELAD was part of a successfulbridge to OLT in five patientsPatientsare connected to the ELAD by standard dual-lumen hemodialysis catheters forcentral access; blood is drawn at a rate of 200 ml/min and pumped into achamber containing ELAD cartridges (four cartridges are used for an adult patient and two for a child weighing less than 40 kg). Each of the cartridgescontains approximately 100 g of C3A cells within the extra capillaryspace surrounding the hollow fibers. The ultrafiltrate passes through the lumen of the fibers, in which the biochemical transport occurs.

ELAD is easily reproducible and its use is typically straightforward. The system's
current design provides greater metabolic activity, and incorporates an
oxygenator and a glucose infusion pump to support the hepatocytes. The clinical
safety results obtained so far have been encouraging. The limited number of patients treated so far does not, however,allow us to ascertain the device's full safety profile and potential efficacy.

AtBioEngine, a rising firm in biotechnology, researchers created a similar device
designed to function within the human body. This structure would theoretically
provide a bio artificial scaffold for human liver cells to grow and function
normally. In other aspects of the field, biologists have been able to grow
artificial liver cells from embryonic stem cells, human hepatocytes, and
porcine hepatocytes. Although these technological advances are large steps
towards developing a solution to liver failure, scientists still have a long
way to go, as there are many biological, ethical, and economic reasons that are
hindering artificial liver development. 

The world's first artificial liver had been grown from stem cells
by British scientists in 2006. The resulting "mini-liver" is the size
of a small coin; the same technique will be further developed to create a
full-size liver. The mini-liver is useful as it is; within two years it can be
used to test new drugs, reducing the number of animal experiments as well as
providing results based on a human (rather than animal) liver. The stem cells used by Drs. McGucklin and Forraz in this research are gathered from umbilical cords ("cord blood"), seen by
some as a more ethical alternative to stem cells created from human embryo.
However Liver cells could be grown from Induced Skin stem cells  or even bone marrow stem cells. The creation of efficient human liver cells requires a large
amount of time, money, and resources, which adds to the overall costs of these
therapies for a small yield of available cells. As a result, many of these
therapies are not economically sound and cannot be available to the general
public. Many scientists believe that developing more cost effective designs
will be the focus of artificial liver research over the next decade. There is
already an ongoing public debate on the ethical issues of using embryonic stem
cells for research.. From a biological point of view, there are concerns of
porcine cells possibly transferring viruses from pigs to humans. Addressing
these concerns in these current technologies will allow for further progress
within artificial liver research.disease. 

References

1Chowdhury JR et al. (1998) Human hepatocyte transplantation: gene therapy and more? Pediatrics 102: 647–648 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |

2 Mito M et al. (1979) Studies on ectopic liver utilizing hepatocyte
transplantation into the rat spleen. Transpl Proc 11: 585–591 | ChemPort |

3.Darby H et al. (1986) Observations on ratspleen reticulum during the development of syngeneic hepatocellular implants. Br J Exp Pathol 67: 329–339 | PubMed | ChemPort |

4.Selden AC et al. (1991) Further observations
on the survival, proliferation and function of ectopically implanted syngeneic
and allogeneic liver cells in rat spleen. Eur J Hepatol Gastroenterol 3: 607–611

5.  
Selden C and Hodgson H (2004) Cellular therapies for liver replacement. Transpl Immunol 12:
273–288 | PubMed | ChemPort |

6.    Soriano H (2002) Liver cell transplantation: human applications in adults and
children. In: Hepatocyte transplantation: proceedings of Falk Symposium 126 (Progress in
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Part III) held in Hannover,Germany, October 2–3, 2001, 99–105 (Eds Gupta S et al.) Dordrecht,
Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers

7.  
Strom SC et al. (1997) Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminalliver failure. Transplantation 63:559–569 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |

8.    JMichael Millis* and Julian E Losanoff Technology Insight: liver
support systems Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2005) 2, 398-405

doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0254

   Copy Right Statement-:

 The opinions expressed in this article is of author’s only. Copy Right of the article belongs toProf.Pranab kumar Bhattacharya-the author and only to  his first degree blood relatives under Copy Right Rules /301/3D/ 107/1201 (a) (b)/ RDF of Intellectual Property Right Act and SPARC Copy Right rules-2006 and PIP Copy Right Rules-2012 of USA. For Permission for reproducing, citation, references , further research work,  for self use and  for implementation of more than three words or any meaning full sentences in any health care system either in  any state of India or in any other countries or in any  pvt  care & cure Institute /hospital or  translating in other languages  please mail to profpkb@ yahoo.co.in to avoid infringement and plagiarism from your end to avoid copy right damage suit in million US dollar for injury to author.  

  Sd/  Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya  MD(Calcutta Univ) - Professor and Head, Department of Pathology , School of Tropical  Medicine, Kolkata-700073

  

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya MD(cal.Univ) Pathology; : Health inequality in West Bengal provinces in Indi...

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya MD(cal.Univ) Pathology; : Health inequality in West Bengal provinces in Indi...:  Author   Professor (Dr. ) Pranab kumar Bhattacharyya - Professor and Head, Department of Pathology , School of Tropical  Medicine ,...

Health inequality in West Bengal provinces in India

 Author 

 Professor (Dr. ) Pranab kumar Bhattacharyya- Professor and Head, Department of Pathology , School of Tropical  Medicine, Kolkata-700073

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity by definition of WHO. Before common &medically untrained people define health by its absence and so seek intervention when they are not in that state¹What is a right to health in West Bengal provinces of India for the low socioeconomic class & poor people? How many people of disadvantaged class are aware here for his/her key rights? How many people in Kolkata  and its suburban areas are aware of their health status and right for health ? The rights to health are broad demands that go beyond legislating good health care of a state or a country² (important as that is). They needs  mostly political, governmental ,social, economic, scientific, and cultural actions². Can health be a right here(?) ,as there is  till days no binding legislation in West Bengal? We doctors are demanding and just that? According  me Right to health means  coverage of equal  but quality health cure & care and providing quality of life  for all people of any state [including those pavement dwellers, beggars, unemployed, low socioeconomic class people, students child, schizophrenic &mental patients, old people,] at free of cost or with minimum user fees by government. Every patients must have sufficient accesses to safest and / high / or highest quality of health care regardless how much they earn, where they live and how seek they are!- Question  till  2014 remains how much is it feasible in West Bengal state or  even in India?:  Can a state  of India ensure of  it’s population that everyone will have a good Quality health?  Nay ! The lands of West Bengal is today turned a land of extreme level of disparity & inequity between haves middle class and haves not proletariat class.   I think, we first consider a minimum equity in health care system, as a  basic human right, since the health care system in West Bengal province is mostly under the control of policy making by state government. Of course Health care system does never reflect the actual state of health of the people.  What a good dignified society should have? The acceptance of health Education &employment as a right for all citizen - a justified demand to take into action and to promote that goal, such as we have the right to vote in election process with a voter card ¹   . Health human rights, and development of  state economy are complementary and synergistic, so are human rights and social justice. But does good health and quality of life depend only on health care &cure only?. It also depends on employment, nutrition, purchase capacity, lifestyle, education level, and the extent of inequality and un freedom in a society. The basic problems in West Bengal state is poverty, hunger, political unwillingness to have a pro poor quality health care delivery system and corruption at every level. The Economic growth of a state or of a country is usually measured by economists in increase of GDP and GDP per capita. GDP per capita per year is also a very important key point of human development index used by UNDP. Health care expenditure of a country is also measured by percentage of GDP spent for it & GDP spent by Indian government for health care is<3% ,despite gross domestic product growth rate of India was 9% in2007( and in 2013 it is  reduced around 4%). But a very big question often strikes me does GDP per capita in a real sense reflects the poverty status of any state or of any country? It appears before me to imagine or to calculate a decline in poverty unaccompanied by a simultaneous improvement in aggregate economic performance- my  thenlate 82 years old father late Mr. Bholanath Bhattacharya commented me 6 yearsback in 2007.  The determinant of economic growth of a state, we people use the denominators like Life expectation at birth[ 68 years in male and 70 years in female now], Infant mortality rate [37 per1000 live birth in India in 2007], Crude birth rate( in West Bengal 12.7), Crude death rate( 7.5 in India and 17.6 in West Bengal in 2000], Maternal mortality rate [301 per 1 lack live birth in India in 2007] etc does really reflect the economic progress of poverty laden families of the state or of a country? I myself don’t belief that ever. I see daily so large rushes in public tertiary medical colleges hospitals [in the year-2006 Total OPD 1,42,51,407 cases, Total indoor admissions 1,88,8121 cases Total1,61,39,528 of 8.5 cores population (19.69%) of the state]  & most of them belongs to so poor and bellow poverty line families( 70% of population in West Bengal seeks public health care system till today]. But our  central government still says economic growth of India is 5-6%. Rather state level growth of real Net state Domestic product (NSDP) may be a good determinant factor. In west Bengal, PCNSDP in 2000-2001 is Rs9778/= per year, per person which means per person capacity to purchase essential goods or calorie for living is Rs 814/= only at poverty level when central govt. definition bellow poverty line is Rs1500/= and people still at BPL level in West Bengal is 27.09% & when  poverty line considered Rs 1500/=Pm per person. If PCNSDP criteria is considered to define poverty line then people at poverty level in 2008, at West Bengal will be more then 62%.Over last 3-4 decades , there had been tremendous out break of unemployment in West Bengal  amongst the educated younger generation of age range 21-45 yrs the productive age group. This picture of unemployment is not only in West Bengal but through out India. Why? Because government is reluctant to establish small and medium scale industries and doing memorandum of Understanding(MOU) for heavy big industries that did never solve large section unemployment’s in state. The system provides jobs to highly skilled young in technological  education and not in general streams and in Open market economy education is so costly and mostly unbearable for most population without debt from bank loans to acquire the skills for large industries. The number of registered unemployed in India through employment exchange is about 10 corers, whereas in West Bengal the figure is about 2.5 corers.  Though LEB during the period of 1970s to 2008 period raised from 49.7 to 61.7 years  & Bihar state which is one of the lowest NSDP  of Rs 4123/= in 2007 is in better position then MP,UP as per these conventional health indicators. But the fact also says that LEB Per capita GDP & per ca pita expenditure for health shows better growth. In India Poverty line is decreasing & so in West Bengal!

Then what should be the denominators of an economic growth of a family of a state of a local society of a country? Growth of physical labor! Stock of physical capacity!  Increase of laborers in paddy fields. Technological labor class advancement! Advancement of science, information and technology  in area of intellectual property Right, Copy Right amendments laws as per IPR acts/laws( every one is today conscious of his/her copy right Intellectual property right of his/her knowledge and nothing is free but payable and India needs to develop its own science, knowledge, technology in health care also] to grow more food & crops and for a better health care and cure in arena of IPR,  Quality and quantity [skilled and unskilled ratio] of human resources and human resources as capital! Their living standard, their nutrition, their education and their mental health- physical labors are  always related to economic growth of a province or of a country. As for example, physical labors are related to production in any small ,medium scale industries, or in paddy fields, or in agriculture or in roads or other civil sectors, in construction works or in surface, Rails, in water transport works, in home guards industries and in electricity sectors , Foundry Industry sectors Automobile industries.  These  are not/were not done metropolis or urban or semi urban so called educated “Babus” we  may call them with university degrees, post graduate degrees or phDs or DSc or DLitt. The development of a state, in a country is thus dependent on mostly on” lower socioeconomic class and poor class people “my old father replied me. My father through out his life led his life in extreme poverty and was a Marxist by his heart and action. He worked in fields for economic uplift & fought for settlement of refugees of Bangladesh war-1970s settled at a colony areas of my native village sodepur, 24 parganas(north) W.B, India.  And his name is  Wikipedia  at “ Sodepur” article  in the history section  provided by Panihati Municipality  North 24 parganas  West Bengal, India section and  was published in in News Papers  like “Bangla darpan ‘ and “Gana SAkti” after his journey in heaven  in year 2009.  MY youngest brother “Rupak Bhattacharya” is today following his  views and Idea  for Pro-poor health care development  in Sodepur area through myself.  How much was he true? If his views are correct then two elements come in questions in my mind. 1) the economic growth of a family and thus of a state in larger sense depends on i) that how much labor forces are present in a family and how much they are educated at high school level or at university level ii )  the health of these labor class forces as a big capital- Both these elementary determinant level ha been neglected and is being today also neglected since freedom, in West Bengal provinces of India. The role of human health in influencing the economic outcome of a state is well understood at macroeconomic level. But health deals with microeconomics at the same time._ healthier workers are likely to able to work for longer period, becomes more productive then their relatively less healthy counterparts and are able to work for longer periods, able to secure higher earnings then the later. Illness and diseases shorter the working level of people. Health has thus a positive significance effect on the rate of growth of GDP per capita. Higher income permits individuals to achieve better nutrition and better health care improvement of them results probably improvement of net domestic products(NSDP) of state , thus increase of national income and can thus decline poverty level. So it is very important to give priority that towards which the health care should be directed! Rich or poor or upper middle class people,  to establish health industry or scientific community based health care & cure institutions?

 India is in conglomeration of states with diverse level of socioeconomic status, governance political parties, health systems and situation. In West Bengal provinces has shortage and mal distribution within its health work force that have contributed to inequities in health and its outcomes. In West Bengal  health workforce is  combination of both registered, formal health care providers and informal medical Practioners(Quacks) those are in contact with large nos of populations in cities, urban semi urban and Rural villages  India as well as West Bengal because an expanding of Private for only profit making center is Juxtaposed which compete for a net work of Public health facilities and they compete for common pool  for health human resources. India has also emerged as important for health human resources in the Global Health market.

 In Indian open health market, in today’s health tourism market, in West Bengal provinces improvement of health care delivery is till days mainly directed towards whom? Obviously not a pro poor health care delivery system it is what was in 1977s-1990s! What should be focus in health care in 21^st century? It must be patients cure and care both. Every patients must have sufficient accesses to safest and  higher / or highest quality of health care regardless how much they earn,  how much poor they are , where they live and how seek they are!- A patient, a citizen must be the first priority and not the health industry and profitable health financing. Then why to step for privatization of health  care and cure in west Bengal? Why opening accesses for so many & mushrooming Private health care institutions, hospitals  including private Medical colleges in not only India but in West Bengal When there is dearth of qualified teachers for undergraduate  post graduate  or post doctoral level courses to be recognized by Medical council of India? Whom they  will serve? whom they do serve? Why to patronize those private care hospitals from government level? As they deals with few hundred billion dollars in health care and cure market without spending a few to generate for their own health care providers

 Improvement of health care through public health care delivery when directed at poor, it contributes more directly to poverty reduction and serve as pro-poor growth strategy. In west Bengal Provinces of India out of 9.5 cores population 27.09% population is till bellow poverty line( Rs 1500/= pm I.e. < $1-1.5 per day per person) and 62% population is at poverty line (Rs 1500/=)even after 67 years of Independence!  What  a shame!. In India, tuberculosis kills 364,000 people and diarrheal disease and other infections kills 3 million people every years .600 million people in India lives with daily income<us$1-1.5( 2007 figure). These poor bears disproportionate burdens of illness, psychiatric illness, suicides and various under nourishment,  Helminth infestations ,infectious diseases including Leprosy T. B( even XDR and TDR!), HIV,, HIV in Children of Low socioeconomic class[ HIV in children an estimated 4,30,000 children younger then 15 years are infected with HIV and almost all the infections are in South East Asian countries and through parent to child transmission during pregnancy, child birth or breast feeding so meeting needs of HIV Positive people and their off springs is critical to Indian political and financial commitment for universal access  to HIV prevention, treatment, care, rehabilitation & support ] sanitation & sewage disposal problems related diseases, water borne infections, mosquito borne diseases  Mal nutrition related  DM ( insulin Dependent Type II DM as Per ADA), Chronic Bronchities,COPD, Smoking related diseases GI problems like gastritis, worm infestations, Deodinal Ulcer, G I Cancer  then upper middle class, middle class and rich people. The poor suffers from ill heath due to mainly of causes of poor nutrition that reduces their ability to perform works due to weakness, due to threaten Tuberculosis, their defective immunity and resistance for diseases, frequent treatment expenditure, frequent doctors fee, nursing home charges and loss of economic forces. Poor families thus exhaust their earnings, their savings, their assets and take re curse of borrowing leading to more poverty, poor health status & drop in school & colleges. They can not even adhere to a costly prescriptions in brand name or when suffer from chronic diseases[ India is turning home for Chronic diseases among Poor’s -26%] and old age problems.

There always remained inequalities between rich and poor population within a state within a country or between rich and poor counties.  In case of state of West Bengal, in India, the same is also true & over expressed presently. No doubt there happened a systemic (in hands of few percentage -<20% population) economic growth and number of middle class economic families or people increased in the state. In last decade there has been total transformation of middle class population life style. Material benefits appear to lower the basic human values. The ever increasing gap between haves not and haves had been drastically increased at all level of urban, semi urban rural areas of India and West Bengal escalating youth violances, rape, murders, due to widening socioeconomically disparities now posses a major threat and challenges to all those involved in providing basic human needs at low to moderate cost. It is fact that 62% of our people living in250 major cities with population of 1 lack and above live in pathetic, unhappy life of the less privileged millions factually the rural services has undergone a remarkable transformation as far as basic amenities are concerned. The problem has escalated with ever increasing rural-urbun migration in search of openings for their dependents survival. The rural environment are improving no doubt due to implementation of various central government of India’s socially beneficial measures when the urban Sub urban and metro cities scenario has worsened for last decade^[3]  In India, now 350 millions people may be classed in middle class economy. Their physical or labor contribution for economic growth of the state is  so negligible and their life style is really most unhealthy one, that they are eating too much of calories , fat, eggs, milk products, cheese, packed dry foods,  fast foods in food plazas ,meat, chicken perperations, consume much  cooking oil, proteins & carbohydrates salt intake(40%), but they are reluctant to burn their calorie by physical labor. They lost all their physical activities including daily one hour walking. City middle class and upper middle class population mostly drive their cars every where they go even to malls and Ion ox as  their status symbol.  The numbers of  self owned cars in every roads of metro cities increased   at so high level, that these  self owned cars are one of main causes of air pollution in cities and towns with various poisonous chemicals  and heavy metals  that acts as carcinogens and are the  most important causes of various lung diseases like COPD, asthma, cancer lungs even those who are not using it. As a result, I think, they suffer from obesity over weight, high BMI, increased abnormal waist circumference(42%) metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type-2[ India and China share approx 1/3^rd  of diabetes population of world. The International  Diabetes Federation in 2008 estimated projected India as diabetes capital of the World. The Figure in 2011 is 61.3 million and 77 million pre-diabetics  waiting to add co-existing and by 2030 my prediction is it will be 101 million], high blood pressure(27%) and its all sequels,  Chronic renal failure, NASH, atherosclerosis , cardiovascular diseases and CVA and they try to occupy most beds in a hospital , ITU or ICU be in public or private hospital. If one looks at nos of Bed distributions in Critical care units the bed strengths are triple then in public state hospitals as because these critical care units in private sectors are  one of good  means of their profitable business  and generations of incentive for their health care providers, pharmaceuticals.  Are not these people themselves responsible for their own  diseases and early death if occurs? Why then state health services policies pays priority for these people’s health care and cure, opening marketing  accesses for business houses like mushrooming private  health institutions/hospitals[  These hospitals  or institutions never show any human faces] in healthcare system, neglecting the real needs of poor and low middle class?. We so need a renaissaue in health care driving force towards an effective and strong primary health care in state of west Bengal particularly targeting poor people, low middle class people, unemployed people  students, employed middle class, child  in regard immunization, proper food care, nutrition, safe water, sanitation, maternal and child care, prevention and quality treatment of local diseases, provision of essential drugs, medical instruments, gadgets through  fare price shops in every hospitals including in PHCs level, A National level policies for access to medicine of appropriate quality efficacy and safe drugs through Fair price shops,  laboratories diagnostic facilities extending from secondary health care tire to primary health center level. In 1983 the India’s national health policy adopted the alma- atta definition of primary health care to mean the provision of curative, preventive and rehabilitative health services and accesses of health services to rural areas. A large three tire health care system  thus developed in all provinces including in state west Bengal. Primary health centers are units that provide integrated health care in rural villages [30,000 populations] and provide referral to secondary and tertiary care in an almost non effective referral system now. Where is the problem? Is not infrastructure enough for an appendectomy or cholecsytectomy or cesarean section operations in State general or subdivisional level hospital or is not infrastructure adequate to treat Diabetes mellitus, simple Thyroid diseases, or pneumonia  or a ischemic stroke  or  a  gastric dyspepsia  for treatment? Or Physician/ surgeon/ Gynecologists/  anesthetists/ pathologists/ technicians/ nurses/ GDAs/ Sweeper posted  in those public hospitals  are too insufficient  or many such posts remained vacant after retirement to give  24  hours care . The real fact is human resources are to day so less and what ever  negligible I are there  they are busy to do private business in their private chambers or nursing homes and they are turned qualified doctors to refer those patients in the tertiary care hospitals or state medical colleges. Why the good quality MD/MS or Post Doctoral DM/Mch are reluctant  to join in government run hospitals or in medical Education services but prefer  to join private care hospitals for lucrative salaries and job facilities with incentives and rewards  But problem of PHCs remained, are unavailability of human resources [doctors, nurses], essential medicines and forcing poor people to get treatment in private chambers and often before quack doctors, on whom villagers depends on much

  The fact is that for last 2, decades, in the state, there was dominance of profit making health insurances industries, a new wave of investor-owned specialty or super specialty hospitals, and profit-maximizing behavior in west Bengal provinces including in India .The involvement of private companies any where always generates some controversy. Some health policy maker people believe that only commercial interests can bring health innovation and efficiency and can modernize the health system. –the idea is not a default .I rather assume that the profit motive is incompatible with the pursuit of excellence in health care system. The government of west Bengal so planned to  establishing at least 60 primary health centers, diagnostic laboratories services in secondary and tertiary level health care including in medical colleges of the state  to be run by private companies in the name of public Private Partnership in Health care system. Health care is the responsibility of a state government. It must be free and must not afford profit at expense of poor and what I feel. The Health inequality can be reduced by 1) reducing the poverty level 2) Improving the health 3) taking health as a Right as it is a right to Vote by a legislation 4) increasing the mental health 5) increasing the palliative care of health 6) Affordable Health care Act(ACA) which will  require all employers to offer lower and lowest income group workers health insurances coverage in affordable financial terms by government instead of private health insurances and purchasing coverage directly. ACA Should  reimburse from fee for services towards rewarding of improved quality outcomes and efficiency. Payment and delivery system models  such as patients- centered medical homes accountable to Govt.run care organizations. Audit of prescriptions and control of Private care & cure Health system,  7) Prescription of generic medicine 8) Fair Price shops opening to poor class and low socioeconomic and middle class population of the state and through out all states of India selling quality medicine, gadazets, instruments for interventions 9) Increasing quality of Undergraduate and Post Graduate examinations system to level of excellence 10) Electronic Prescribing system can result better data sources and real time maintaining of medicines required and sold, best ways of counseling to patients, target massaging  and quality improvement

 At heart of Problem lie essential questions about political motivation, human consciousness about his/her Right to his/her health and physician’s mood, responsibility and willingness to help people and reduce in equity in health care system of West Bengal.

 References:-

1) Response by David Brookman  on 12 th December 2008 to BMJ group Blogs “A global conversation on defining health” by Alex Jadad and Laura O’Grady on10 Dec, 08 | by BMJ Group

2) Amartya Sen “Why and how is health a human right?” The Lancet, Volume 372, Issue 9655, Page 2010, 13 December 2008 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61784-5

3) TG Krisnamurthi “ Value based Education: role in empowerment” Editorial article JIMA vol11;N-09;sept;P586; 2013

 Acknowledgements-:

The author acknowledges his diseased  parents late  Bholanath Bhattacharya( 1926-2009) and  late Mrs Bani Bhattacharya , his daughter Miss Upasna Bhattacharya and his youngest brothers Mr Rupak Bhattacharya and RitwikBhattacharya, his sister Dalia Mukherjee whose some suggestions had been reflected  in this article which was originally written in 2008 for BMJ group journals QHSC and BMJ Group Blogs by the author and was submitted

 Copy Right Statement-:

 The opinions expressed in this article is of author’s only. Copy Right of the article belongs to Prof.Pranab kumar Bhattacharya-the author and only to  his first degree blood relatives under Copy Right Rules 3D/ 107/1201 (a) (b)/ RDF of Intellectual Property Right Act and SPARC Copy Right rules-2006 and PIP Copy Right Rules-2012 of USA. For Permission for reproducing, citation, references , further research work,  for self use and  for implementation of more than three words or any meaning full sentences in any health care system either in  any state of India or in any other countries or in any  pvt  care & cure Institute /hospital or  translating in other languages  please mail to profpkb@ yahoo.co.in to avoid infringement and plagiarism from your end to avoid copy right damage suit in million US dollar for injury to author.  

  Sd/  Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya  MD(Calcutta Univ) - Professor and Head, Department of Pathology , School of Tropical  Medicine, Kolkata-700073

 This article in abbriviation published as a comment  to Editorial  | April 26, 2016 in JAMA Journal of American Medical associations  in 2016  April 26  issue Comment No -2 

  On Death and Money  History, Facts, and Explanations

Angus Deaton, PhD1 NL 

[+] Author Affiliations

JAMA. 2016;315(16):1703-1705. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4072
 under title  Health Inequity in India Posted on May 3, 2016 at JAMA The Journal of American Medical Association--> as Response published -2 by Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Dr Sumana Mukherjee; Subrata Majumdar , Upasana Bhattacharya, Rupak Bhattacharya Ritwick Bhattacharya,Professor of Pathology (detailment) , Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India --- and Professor of Pathology at Murshidabad District Medical College, Berhampore, Station Road Murshidabad West Bengal IndiaConflict of Interest: None Declared

Publications of Mr Rupak Bhattacharya at Journal of Uncertainity analysis and applications

Uncertainty theory based multiple objective mean-entropy-skewness stock portfolio selection model with transaction costs

Rupak Bhattacharyya^1*, Amitava Chatterjee² and Samarjit Kar²

1) 7/51 Purbapalli PO-Sodepur Dist 24 Parganas, West Bengal 741102, India
Full list of author information is
available at the end of the article

Journal of Uncertainty Analysis and Applications 2013, 1:16  doi:10.1186/2195-5468-1-1

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to develop a mean-entropy-skewness stock portfolio selection model with transaction costs in an uncertain environment.

Methods

Since entropy is free from reliance on symmetric probability distributions and can be computed from nonmetric data, it is more general than others as a competent measure of risk. In this work, returns of securities are assumed to be uncertain variables, which cannot be estimated by randomness or fuzziness. The model in the uncertain environment is formulated as a nonlinear programming model based on uncertainty theory. Also, some other criteria like short-and long-term returns, dividends, number of assets in the portfolio, and the maximum and minimum allowable capital invested in stocks of any company are considered. Since there is no efficient solution methodology to solve the proposed model, assuming the returns as some special uncertain variables, the original portfolio selection model is transformed into an equivalent deterministic model, which can be solved by any state-of-the-art solution methodology.

Results

The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by a numerical example extracted from Bombay Stock Exchange, India. Returns are considered in the form of trapezoidal uncertain variables. A genetic algorithm is used for simulation.

Conclusions

The efficiency of the portfolio is evaluated by looking for risk contraction on one hand and expected return and skewness augmentation on the other hand. An empirical application has served to illustrate the computational tractability of the approach and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords: 

Uncertainty modeling; Mean-entropy-skewness portfolio selection model; Uncertain variables; Trapezoidal uncertain variable; Genetic algorithm

See link bellow to read the paper

http://www.juaa-journal.com/content/pdf/2195-5468-1-16.pdf

Name of PK Bhattacharya In the Reference of the Book" Arsenic Exposer and Health Effects by WR Chappel; CO Abarenthy & RL cladron

<iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="border:0px" src="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NI2IAgvCcr0C&lpg=PA23&ots=dCqDtFUD--&dq=international%20Conference%20on%20Arsenic%20Contamination%20from%20ground%20Water%20Cause%2Ceffect%20Remedy%2B1995%20jadavpur%2BAbstract&pg=PA3&output=embed" width=500 height=500></iframe>
In chapter-1 ground water Arsenic Ex-poser in India
 As Refrence of the article" Bhattacharya PK, Poddar G, Dutta SK 1995 " Histological changes in Skin with Histochemical demonstration of Intercelluar Arsenic Crystals in Chronic Arsenic Toxicity from drinking water" International Confrence of arsenic in ground water cause,effect and remedy" School of enviornmental sciences, Jadavpur; calcutta; India; Abstract PP25-26
http://www.amazon.com/Arsenic-Exposure-Health-Effects-Series/dp/0444514414#reader_0444514414 

International Conference on Arsenic Pollution of Ground Water in Bangladesh Causes, Effectes and Remedies - Abstracts, Date : 8-12 February 1998, Venue : LGED Auditorium, Dhaka, Bangladesh by Dhaka Community Hospital Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh and School of Environment Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India Paperback Not Available - See more at: http://www.printsasia.com/book/international-conference-on-arsenic-pollution-of-ground-water-in-bangladesh-causes-effectes-and-remedies#sthash.pINzYAFZ.dpuf

http://www.printsasia.com/book/international-conference-on-arsenic-pollution-of-ground-water-in-bangladesh-causes-effectes-and-remedies

Publisher:	Dhaka Community Hospital Trust
Published In:	1998
Binding Type:	Paperback
Pages:	179 Pages, Figures, Charts, Tables, Graphs, References

International Conference on Arsenic Pollution of Ground Water in Bangladesh Causes, Effectes and Remedies - Abstracts, Date : 8-12 February 1998, Venue : LGED Auditorium, Dhaka, Bangladesh published in the year 1998 was published by Dhaka Community Hospital Trust. View 2 more books by Dhaka Community Hospital Trust. The author of this book is Dhaka Community Hospital Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh and School of Environment Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India . This is the Paperback version of the title "International Conference on Arsenic Pollution of Ground Water in Bangladesh Causes, Effectes and Remedies - Abstracts, Date : 8-12 February 1998, Venue : LGED Auditorium, Dhaka, Bangladesh" and have around pp. 179 pages. International Conference on Arsenic Pollution of Ground Water in Bangladesh Causes, Effectes and Remedies - Abstracts, Date : 8-12 February 1998, Venue : LGED Auditorium, Dhaka, Bangladesh is currently Not Available with us. You can enquire about this book and we will let you know the availability.

- See more at: http://www.printsasia.com/book/international-conference-on-arsenic-pollution-of-ground-water-in-bangladesh-causes-effectes-and-remedies#sthash.pINzYAFZ.dpuf

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Contents

Natural History rd/council-for-scientific-and-industrial-research" Title="council-for-scientific-and-industrial-research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research keyword/an-introduction" Title="an-introduction">An Introduction to the Country and its Arsenic Situation

I. EPIDEMIOLOGY/HEALTH/PATHOLOGY
1. Chronic Health Effects of Ingested Inorganic Arsenic in Taiwan/Chien-Jen Chen
2. The Significance of Arsenic in Drinking Water : Carcinogenicity and Human Health/A.H. Smith, M.L. Biggs R. Haque, and C. Hopenhayn-Rich
3. A Study on Mutation Caused by Humic Acid Samples Collected from various Arsenosis affected Areas in Taiwan and Mainland of China/Yu Xiaoying, Hong Qinglin, Li Wenzheng, Zheng Baoshan, Lu Fengzhou, Huang Tianxiang, and Liu Conggui
4. Arsenic in Drinking Water in Bangladesh and its Intervention/Amin Uddin Ahmed
5. Arsenic Contamination Source Detection for Hazard Mitigation/Md. Mizanur Rahman and Mizanur Rahman
6. Determinants of various Types of Cataract Among Residents in an Arseniasis-Endemic Area of Taiwan/Lai-Chu See, Hung-Yi Chiou, Jiahn-Shing Lee, Yu-Mei Hsueh, Yu-Sung Liang, Sing Kai Lo, Shu-Mei Lin, Ken-Kuo Lin, Ming-Chang Tu, Meng-Ling Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen
7. Medicinal Arsenic, Keratoses and Bladder Cancer/S. Evans, J. Cusick, and P. Sasieni
8. Arsenic and Health Effects : A Five-Year Follow-up Study among 8102 Residents in a Newly Identified Arseniasis Endemic Area in Taiwan/Hung-Yi Chiou, Min-Li Wei, Chin-Hsiao Tseng, Yi-Hsiang Hsu, Yi-Hsiu Chien, and Chien-Jen Chen
9. Arsenic Contamination and Bladder Cancer in South West England : A Geographical Study/Giovanni S. Leonardi, Paul Elliott, Iain Thornton, Margaret Farago, Chris Grundy, and Gavin Shaddick
10. Diabetes Mellitus and Arsenic Exposure - Results of Three Epidemiological Studies/Mahfuzar Rahman, Martin Tondel, and Olav Axelson
11. A 10-Year Follow-up of Subjects with Arsenical Skin Lesions in Southern Thailand/Shoko Oshikawa, Dipankar Chakraborti, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kr. Mondal, Nobuyuki Hotta, Yasuko Kojo, Hiromi Hironaka, Tada Piampongsan, Alan Geater, and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong

12. Histopathology of Skin Lesions in Chronic Arsenic Toxicity - an Approach to Grading of The Changes and Study of Proliferative Markers/S.K. Dutta, A. Chatterjee, D.N. Guha Majumdar, A. Santra, P.K. Bhattacharya, and D. Banerjee

13. Three Years Study on Deganga, one of the Sixty One Arsenic Affected Blocks in Eight Districts of West Bengal, India - A Macro Level Study/Badal Kr. Mandal, Gautam Samanta, T. Roy Choudhury, Ratan Kr. Dhar, Bhajan Kr. Biswas, C.R. Chanda, K.C. and Saha D. Chakraborti
14. A Detailed Study Report on 'Fakirpara' A Very Small Arsenic affected Village of West Bengal a Micro Level Study/Badal Kr. Mandal, Gautam Samanta, T. Roy Choudhury, Ratan Kr. Dhar, Bhajan Kr. Biswas, C.R. Chanda, D.P. Mukherjee, K.C. Saha, and D. Chakraborti
15. Impact of Safe Water for Drinking and Cooking on Five Arsenic-affected Families for 4 Years in West Bengal, India/B.K. Mandal, T.R. Chowdhury, G. Samanta, D.P. Mukherjee, C.R. Chanda, K.C. Saha, and D. Chakraborti
16. Survey on Groundwater Arsenic Contamination of Ramganj Thana of Laxmipur District, Bangladesh - A Macro Level Study/Ratan Kr. Dhar, Bhajan Kr. Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kr. Mandal, D. Chakraborti, Shibtosh Roy, Saiful Kabir, and Ashraful Islam Arif
17. Adverse effects of Drinking Water Related Arsenic Exposure on some Pregnancy outcomes in Karcag, Hungary/M. Csanady, E. Gulyas, and P. Rudnai
18. Peripheral Vision affected by High Levels of Arsenic in Drinking Water/Ren Xian Yun, Zhan Yu Min, Zhang Ge You, and Zhou Zhen Rong
19. The Historical Cohort Study of High-Arsenic in Drinking Water and Lung Cancer on the West Area of Huhhot in Inner Mongolia/Liang Xiu-Fen, Ma Liang, Zhang Ge-You, Iie Xiang-Zhou, Dai Qin, Zhang Mei-Yun, and Zhou Zhen-Rong
20. Vine Dressers with Late Lesions due to Arsenic Intoxication/Johann Wilhelm Grobe

II. NUTRITION/BIO-AVAILABILITY/ANALYTICAL/SOIL CONTAMINATION :
1. Probable Role of Nutrition on Arsenic Toxicity/Mohamed Abdulla and M. Fatima Reis
2. Bio-availability and Risk Assessment of Arsenic Contaminated Sites from Anthropoge Ana Geological Origins in Australia/Jack C. Ng, Sharon M. Kratzmann, Lixia Qi, Michael R. Moore, Hugh Crawley, and Barry Chiswell
3. Electrochemical Monitoring of Arsenite and Arsenate in Water a Promise of Inexpensive Field-Deployable Technology/Huiliang Huang, Pumendu K. Dasgupta
4. Remediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soils : A Review/R. Naidu
5. Production of Drinking Water from Arsenic Contaminated Ground Water in Developing Countries : Viability of Biological Treatment/Gautam Chattopadhyay, and David Waite
6. Development of Appropriate Arsenic Removal Units/Anirban Gupta, Amal K. Datta, Pratip Bandyopadhyay Ranjan K. Biswas, and Swapan K. Roy
7. A Novel Soil Gas Technique Applied to an Arsenic Contaminated Area of Ron Phibun, Southern Thailand/Munehiro Fukuda, Shoji Nakamura, Janewit Wongsanoon, Sukanya Boonchalermkit, Sutiab Srilachai, and Ronald Klusman
8. Arsenite and Arsenate Adsorption and Solubility Control in Oxide-dominated Systems/Amita Jain and Richard H. Loeppert
9. A Report on Low Cost on-Spot Arsenic Detection in Tubewell Water Conducted by Breakthrough Science Society in West Bengal, India/A. Mondal, and S. Maity
10. Earthworms as Bioindicators for Arsenic in Soil/W. Kosmus, A. Geiszinger, J. Zheng, W. Goessler, and K.J. Irgolic
11. A New Simple Device for the Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water at Low Levels/Helmut Moderegger, Klemens Schachl, Kurt Kalcher, and Walter Kosmus
12. Fluorescent Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water by "Fluorat-02" Analyzer/Alexander V. Iliuhin

III. ARSENIC IN WORLD SCENARIO/NEED OF THE DAY :
1. Arsenic Occurrence in U.S. Drinking Water : The Cases of Los Angeles and Hanford, California/Janet G. Hering
2. Chronic Arsenic Poisoning from Contaminated Surface Groundwater in Ronpibool District, Nakorn Srithammarat Province, Southern Thailand : The Importance of Political Commitment and Social Concern/Chanpen Choprapawon
3. High Arsenic Concentration in Subtranean Water of Inner Mongolia, China : Distribution, Characteristics and Health Effects/Luo Zhen-Dong, Zhou Zhen-Rong, Zhang Yu-Min, Zhao Bing-Cheng, Dai Qin, Liang Xiu-Fen, Xie Yu-Huan, Ren Xian-yun, Zhang Pei-Qun, Zhung Mei-Yun, and Zhang Ge-You
4. Requirements of an International Data Base for Arsenic/Richard Wilson
5. Raison For Windows : A Software Tool for Integrated Environmental Information Analysis, Interpretation, and Display/Sara Bennett
6. Arsenicosis in Bangladesh/Shibtosh Roy, Saiful Kabir, Mahmuder Rahman, Shofiul Alam, D. Dhakraborti, Ratan K. Dhar, Bhojan Biswas
7. Groundwater Arsenic Calamity in Eight Districts of West Bengal, India/Badal Kr. Mandal, T. Roy Choudhury, Gautam Samanta, Ratan Kr. Dhar, Bhajan Kr. Biswas, C.R. Chanda, G. Basu, K.C. Saha, D. Chakraborti
8. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination and Sufferings of People in Bangladesh may be the Biggest Arsenic Calamity in the World/Ratan Kr. Dhar, Bhajan Kr. Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kr. Mandal, T. Roy Choudhury, C.R. Chanda, G. Basu, D. Chakraborti, Shibtosh Roy, Saiful Kabir, Abu Jafar, Imtiaz Faruk, K.S. Islam, M. Choudhury, and Ashraful Islam Arif

IV. ARSENIC EXPOSURE/CLINICAL/TREATMENT :
1. Exposure to Arsenic during Early Human Development/Marie Vahter
2. Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Arsenic Toxicity : It's Natural History and Therapy : Experience of Study in West Bengal, India/D.N. Guha Mazumder, B.K. De, A. Santra, J. Dasgupta, A. Ghosh, A. Pal, B. Roy, S. Pal, and J. Saha
3. Diagnosis of Arsenicosis/K.C. Saha
4. Some Characteristic Aspects in Symptomology among Different Endemic Areas of Arsenicism/Nobuyuki Hotta
5. Clinical Treatment of Chronic Arsenic Intoxication/Michael J. Kosnett
6. Tracheal and Cardiac Muscarinic Reversal of Arsenic Induced Decreased Response by Dimercaprol/J. Satayavivad, and C. Chaopanitwet
7. Development of a New Ointment effective for Hyperkeratosis and Hyperpigmentation Disorders in Human Skin/P.D. Gupta, A.G. Reddy, R. Kumaresan, and K.K. Raja Babu
8. The Study on the Association among Arsenic Induced Skin Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease and Serum Micronutrients and Arsenic Methyaltion Capability/Yu-Mei Hsueh, Wen-Lin Wu, Hung-Yi Chiou, Chin-Hsiao Tseng, and Chien-Jen Chen
9. Arsenic-Induced Alterations of Adrenoceptor Responses in Rats/J. Satayavivad, and C. Chaopanitwet
10. Exposure to Arsenic in Infants via Breast Milk from the Women Exposed to Arsenic Contaminated Water in West Bengal, India/Dipankar Das, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kr. Mandal, T. Roy Choudhury, and D. Chakraborti
11. Pp12 Arsenic Induced Biochemical Alterations and their Turnover Following Chelation in Rats/Neelima Tripathi and S.J.S. Flora
12. Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Arsenic Toxicity in Bangladesh - A 250 Case-Study/A.Z.M. Maidul Islam, A. Momin, and M.S. Sikder
13. Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water and its effect on Human Health with Particular Reference to Bangladesh/A. Wadud Khan, Sk. Akhtar Ahmad, M.H. Salim Ullah Sayed, Sk. Abdul Hadi, Manzurul Hague Khan. M.A. Jalil. Rukshana Ahmed, and M.H. Faruquee
14. How To Determine a Safe Level of Arsenic in Drinking Water/Kenneth G. Brown
15. Drinking Water Contamination by Arsenic : People's Perception and Communication Challenge/A.Z.M. Iftikhar Hussain
16. Estimation of the Population affected by Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater in Bangladesh/Peter Ravenscroft, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Jan Van Wonderen and Others
17. Studies of Drinking Water Quality and Arsenic Calamity in Ground Water of Bangladesh/Siddique Amin Talukder, Amit Chatterjee, Jian Zheng, and Walter Kosmus
18. Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water of Bangladesh : Analytical Aspects/S.A. Tarafdar
19. Geochemical Mapping and Speciation of Arsenic in the Groundwater of Faridpur Municipality/S. Safiullah, A Sarker, A. Zahid and S.Z. Haider
20. Arsenic Hazards in Bangladesh/Hamidur Rahman
21. On Analytical aspects of Arsenic in Groundwater : An Electrochemical Approach/A.K.M. Munir, S.B. Rasul, N. Ahmed, S. Washe, M. Khaliquzzaman, A. Hussain and A.H. Khan
22. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh & Its Impact on Human Health X-ray Analytical Study/M. Ali, S.K. Biswas and S.A. Tarafdar
23. Spectrophotometric Determination of Arsenic and its Application in Chemical, Industrial, Environmental, Biological and Soil Analysis/Jamaluddin Ahmed, and Ziaur Rahman
24. Genesis of Arseniferous Groundwater in the Alluvial Aquifers of Bengal Delta Plains and Strategies for Low-cost Remediation/Prosun Bhattacharya, Maria Larsson, Andrea Leiss, Gunnar Jacks, Andre Sracek and Debashis Chatterjee
25. Geological Signatures of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater vis-a-vis Approach for Mitigation/Aftab Alam Khan
26. Mechanism of Arsenic Release to Groundwater : Geochemical and Mineralogical Evidence/K.M. Ahmed, M.B. Imam, S.H. Akhter, M.A. Hasan, M.M. Alam, S.Q. Chowdhury, W.G. Burgess, and R. Nickson
27. Well-Head Treatment Units for Arsenic Removal in Remote Villages/Arup K. Sen Gupta
28. The Critical Concentration of Arsenic in Drinking Water/Nasrin Begum
29. Arsenic Concentration of Ground Water in Samta Village and the Applicability of a Field Kit by Hironaka to Quantify Arsenic/Kimiko Tanabe, Yasuhiro Akiyoshi, Hiroshi Yokota, Hiromi Hironaka, Sachie Tsushima, Kazuyuki Kawahara, Abdul Wadud Khan, Sk. Akhtar Ahmad, and Sk. Abdul Hadi
30. Arsenic Pollution in the Southwestern Part of Bangladesh- A Case Study of Tala- Paikgacha Area/Reshad Md. Ekram Ali
31. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water and Irrigated Soils of Bangladesh/Shah M. Ullah
32. Groundwater Treatment for Arsenic-Iron Removal/M. Feroze Ahmed, M. Ashraf Ali, and Md. Delwar Hossain
33. Probable Provenances of Arsenic in the Rocks, Sediments and Ground Water in Bangladesh and the Surrounding Areas/Md. Khurshid Alam
34. Hydrogeological Investigatory Approach to Address Arsenic Pollution In Urban Groundwater Supply/Mohiuddin Khan
35. Photo-assisted Removal and Immobilization of Arsenic from Water/G.H. Khoe, M.T. Emett, and M. Zaw
36. Geohydrochemical Source of Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh/Shahidullah Mridha
37. Arsenic Contamination in Soil Water and Human Health/M.A. Sattar and C. Mandal
38. Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water in Bangladesh/Md. Munir Hussain
39. Effect of Arsenocosis on Neurotransmitters - Mediating Enzyme - Dopamine - B - Hydroxylase in the Serum of Arsenic Contaminated Patients of Bangladesh/M.K. Rahman, M. Mohiuddin, F. Rahman, M. Salimullah, Shibtosh Roy, Khaleda Islam, and Md. Abduz Zaher
40. Spatial Information Systems for Arsenic Mitigation Programs/Ahmadul Hassan and Timothy Martin

V. GEOLOGY/GEOHYDROLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY :
1. Arsenic in Ground Water of the United States : Processes Leading to Widespread High Concentrations/Alan H. Welch
2. Arsenic Distribution and Mobility in Groundwaters from Chapai Nawabganj, Western Bangladesh/P.L. Smedley, D.G. Kinniburgh, and M. Hussain
3. Geochemistry of the Arsenic-Pyrite Connection and Biogeochemical Processes Leading to Arsenic Mobility In Natural Waters/D. Kirk Nordstrom
4. Geologic Controls on Sedimentation and Weathering on the Ganges Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta/John W. Whitney
5. Arsenic Contamination of Drinking Water in Bangladesh/Dipanker Chakraborti, Ratan K. Dhar, Bhojan Biswas, Shibtosh Roy, Saiful Kabir, and Ashraful Islam Arif
6. Water, Women and Voluntary Sector - A Case Study/Fr. Mathew Arackal, and Sr. Francina
7. Review of Geological Factors and Processes in the Acidification of Eastern Australian Deltaic and Estuarine Sediments/Jerry Jacobson and Trevor Graham
8. Geologic Distribution of Arsenic Possibility of Arsenic Origin in the Contaminated Ground Water/Yoshihiro Kubota
9. Action Plan of Rgag against Arsenic Problem/Kazyuki Suenaga
10. Borehole Sediment Analysis Probable Source and Mechanism of Arsenic Release to Groundwater in Affected Districts of West Bengal, India/Roy Chowdhury, G.K. Basu, G. Samanta, C.R. Chanda, B.K. Mandal, R K. Dhar, B.K. Biswas, D. Lodh, and S.L. Ray

VI. REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM CONTAMINATED WATER/BIO-TECHNOLOGY/WATERSHED Management :
1. Treatment Options for Removing Arsenic from Drinking Water/Dennis Clifford
2. Arsenic Remediation Technology (Asrt) for Ground Water : Field Demonstration/N.P. Nikolaidis, J.A. Lackovic, G. Dobbs
3. Technology to Supply Safe Water to Arsenic Affected Areas in Chile/Ana Maria Sancha
4. Rapid Transformation of the Most Toxic Form of Arsenic, Arsenite, to Arsenate, by New Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacteria - Assuring Maximal Arsenic Removal from Water via Adsorbents (E.G., Iron Hydroxide)/J.M Macy, and D.R. Dixon
5. Potential Application of Microbiological Processes for the Removal of Arsenic From Groundwater/K.M. Paknikar
6. Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water with Enhanced Hybrid Aluminas and Composite Metal Oxide Particles/Brian E. Kepner, John Spotts, Eric A. Mintz, Jeffrey E. Cortopassi, Paul Abrahams, Carlton E. Gray, Santosh Mathur, and Ravi Agarwal
7. Rapid Action Programme/Quazi Quamruzzaman, Shibtosh Roy, Ashraful Islam Arif, Sharif Shahabur Rahman, Mohammod Abul Hasnat, Md. Mustafizur Rahman, and Md. Selim
8. A Simple Household Device to Remove Arsenic from Groundwater hence making it Suitable for Drinking and Cooking/School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi, India
9. The Present Status of Arsenic Calamity in Groundwater of Gaighata, North 24-Parganas, West Bengal, India : One of the Arsenic affected Blocks out of Sixtyone/Goutam Das, Shikha Chowdhury, Shyamal Biswas, Anup Sarkar, Ashoke Dastarit Roy Chowdhury, Gautam Samanta, Chitta R. Chanda, Badal Kr. Mandal, and Dipankar Chakraborti
10. An Approach to Microalgal Biotreatment System of Arsenic Removal from the Contaminated Water - A Case Study/Gopa Bhar, S.C. Santra, Gautam Samanta, Dipanakar Chakraborti
11. A Simple Procedure to Combat the Present Arsenic Crisis Partially in West Bengal-India and Bangladesh-a Summary of Ten Years Field Experience/D. Chakraborti, G. Samanta, B.K. Mandal, T. Roy Chowdhury, R.K. Dhar, B.K. Biswas, C.R. Chanda, G. Basu, O.K. Lodh
12. Arsenic Content, Arsenic Exemption of the Drinking Water in Bikis County/Szilard Hosszz, Giza Schalbert
13. Arsenic Filter for Water Purification/Fen-He Bai
14. Treatment of Arsenic Contaminated Water Using Ceramic Membrane Filter/S. Bandyopadhyay, D. Chakrabort

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