First Star Formation in the galaxy III generation star formation

 First Star Formation in the galaxy III generation star formation

by

 * Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(Calcutta Univ) Professor Department of Pathology  Murshidabad Medical college Behrampore Station Road  District Murshidabad, West Bengal Now Professor of Pathology(on deputation) Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine ,108 CR Avenue Kolkata-700073; West Bengal, India

Email   profpkb@yahoo.co.in  mobile- 9231510435
** Mrs Runa Mitra   Social worker Barrackpore North 24 Parganas (west Bengal) India

We generally think of stars in populations. PopulationIII stars were so long the hypothetical first stars in cosmos. These stars are extremely metal poor but massive stars composed of geasses. By metals I amtalking about elements heavier than hydrogen (and helium depending on which

definition you read and is what I consider to be a non-metal too). All elements heavier than hydrogen are a by-product or ash from fusion within the cores of stars. Population II stars group however

have also very little metals, and stars in globular clusters are made up of a good percentage of such population II stars. Population II stars are till date considered to have created all other elements found in the periodic table beyond hydrogen and helium. Prior to 1978 or 1979 these were the stars

thought to be the oldest stars and still are the oldest observed stars in the observable cosmos. Population I stars are considered very metal rich young stars and they include our own Sun

and are common in the arms of our galaxy the Milky Way. Many astronomers have for long theorized existence of first generation of such stars — known as Population III stars as stated by me — that were in fact born out of the primordial materials from the Big Bang event. All the heavier chemical elements — such as oxygen, nitrogen, Lithium ,carbon and iron, which are essential to create life — were then frozen in the bellies of stars. This means that the first stars must had formed out of the only elements to exist prior to stars called Protostars: hydrogen, helium and trace amounts of lithium. These Population III stars would have been enormous — several hundred or even a thousand times more massive than our Sun is — blazing hot, and transient — exploding as supernovae after only about two million years. But until now the search for physical proof of theirexistence had been inconclusive. A team in 2015 led by David Sobral, from theInstitute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences, the Faculty of Sciences of theUniversity of Lisbon in Portugal, and Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, has now used ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) to peer back into the ancient

Universe, to a period known as re-ionisation, approximately 800 million years after the Big Bang. Instead of conducting a narrow and deep study of a small area of the sky, they broadened their scope to produce the widest survey of very distant galaxies ever attempted. According to conventional cosmological theory, all space, time, andenergy began with the Big Bang, now estimated to have occurred around 13.8billion years ago . In a new twist to standard theoretical models, however, many astrophysicists now believe that the universe may have suddenly inflated (

inflation theory of Alan Guth) from a tiny point after this incredible explosion to create dark energy (74 percent) and dark matter (22 percent), as well as a small amount (04 percent) of ordinary matter we see in universe inthe form of electrons and quarks or nutrinos in a superhot plasma (more on the

proportion of matter in the "Cinderella Universe" model from SDSS). Within the first second after the Big Bang, the quark gluon plasma may have cooled enough forquarks to combine and formed protons (the most common atomic nuclei of hydrogen) and neutrons. After about three minutes, a small portion of the neutrons avoided decay by bonding with protons (to produce deuterons, the

atomic nuclei of the deuterium form of hydrogen) which underwent rapid reactions to form helium and a trace of lithium. For a few hundred thousand years afterwards, however, the universe still remained extremely hot at around a billion degrees and so ordinary matter remained then ionized, as a plasma of positively charged ions and unbound, negatively charged electrons. Three to four hundred thousand years have then passed before continuing cosmological expansion and cooling enabled atomic nuclei to hold onto electrons and create neutral hydrogen and helium gas (alongwith a trace of lithium at around a redshift of z ~ 1,000). Measurements of themodern universe suggest that, by mass, about three-fourths of the ordinarymatter formed from the Big Bang became hydrogen while virtually all of the rest became helium; by number, around nine-tenths of all atoms may still be

hydrogen, while roughly nine percent has become helium. After this initial cooling, the early universe became extremely dark. Although cosmic microwave background radiation from around 380,000 years after the Big Bang suggest that the early universe was remarkably smooth, very small-scale density fluctuations (possibly related to small variations in early cosmological inflation predicted

by quantum mechanics) may have led to uneven concentrations in the primordial distribution of matter in the universe, of which around nine-tenths may be comprised of dark matter(CDM). While

particles of ordinary matter readily interact with one another and, if electrically charged, with electromagnetic radiation, dark matter is comprised of particles that do not react with such radiation, although dark matter interacts gravitationally just like ordinary matter. In theory, gravitational attraction should have caused these dark matter density variations to condense into a network of filaments and sheets over time. Unlike ordinary matter, however, the dark matter hypothesized by theorists either cannot or mostly did not collapse into dense objects like stars, brown dwarfs,

and stellar remnants (white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes) Although dark matter is thought to be relatively segregated from ordinary baryonic matter in outer galactic halos and intergalactic space today, the two may have been mixed initially. As the dark matter condensed into a denser filamentary network, ordinary matter made of hydrogen and helium gas also was gravitationally attracted by these relative concentrations of dark matter, creating Lyman-alpha "forest" clouds of gas. At the nodes of the dark matter filaments, these gas clouds collapsed under gravitation towards of the cores of denser clumps of 100,000 to one million Solar-masses that may have measured around 30 to 100 light-years across and still consisted mostly of dark matter. As the gas clouds contracted, compression would have heated the gas to temperatures above 1,000° Kelvin (727° C or 1,340° F). Some hydrogen atoms would have paired up within the dense, hot gas to create molecular hydrogen, which would then help to cool the densest parts of the gas cloud by emitting infrared radiation after collision with atomic hydrogen. Eventually, the temperature in the densest regions of such clouds would drop to around 200 to 300° Kelvin (-73 to 27° C or -100 to 80° F), reducing the gas pressure and allowing the cloud to continue contracting into gravitationally bound clumps The

results of various simulations by several teams of astronomers suggest that these nearly "metal-free" clumps were able to resist fragmentation into smaller clumps. Hence, the first stars (often they are called Population III stars) may havebeen very massive, hot, and bright, with 100 to 1,000 Solar-masses (more discussion on Jeans mass and metal-free stars . At least one simulation suggests

that only one massive star may haveformed for each proto-galactic clump because of resistance to renewedfragmentation of the star-forming cloud and intense radiation once the star isformed. Various computer simulations suggest that the first stars could haveappeared between 100 and 250 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe had expanded to at least 1/30 of its present size. In 2003, astronomers announced that analyses of NASA's recent WMAP satellite images of the

cosmic microwave background indicate that this primordial light was ionized by the first generation of stars, which may have come and gone within only 400 million years after the Big Bang , but further analysis of data led astronomers to conclude by March 2006 that ionization may not have occurred as much as 400 million years after the Big Bang latest WMAP results). When this first generation of massive stars lighted up, the so-called "Cosmic Dark Age" ended. And first light(Photon) of universe came out . Even then, these stars were surrounded by a "fog" of light-absorbing neutral hydrogen . The first stars, however, began emitting intense ultraviolet radiation -- perhaps as much as a million times that of Sol -- that "re-ionized" neutral hydrogen atoms by energizing electrons away from

their proton nuclei (Larson and Bromm, Scientific American, December 2001, in pdf). Gradually,

the first stars created ever-wider bubbles of clearer space. Since these stars were short lived, it probably took another generation of stars and a few hundred million years for that hydrogen fog to dissipate, as strong absorption of ultraviolet light from quasars dating to 860 to 900 million or so years after the Big Bang suggest that the last patches of neutral hydrogen were being

ionized at that time. OnJuly 31, 2008, a team of astronomers (led by Naoki Yoshida) announcedthat new simulation results which indicate that the first stars formed within 300 million years after the Big Bang. First, "seed" proto-stars formed from the collapsing core of gas clouds that go through a stage as a flattened disc, with two trailing spiral arms of gas. Despite having only only 0.1 Solar-mass, the proto-stars quickly "bulked up" on surrounding gases into behemoths of at least 100 Solar-masses within 10,000 years. After a million years as a very bright star, some of these massive stars may have become supernovae -- depending on their mass On December 3, 2007, a team of theoretical physicists (including Katherine Freese, Douglas Spolyar, and Paolo Gondolo) released the results of a paper which suggests that the first proto-stars could have been powered by the annihilation of opposite forms of dark matter (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles or WIMPs, such as neutralinos). In theory, each dark matter particle should have its own anti-particle. When such particle pairs meet, they would annihilate each other, whereby one-third of the resulting energy is produced as neutrinos which escape, one-third becomes gamma-ray photons, and the last third becomes electrons and positrons.

A team led by David Sobral, from the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences, the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon in Portugal, and Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, has now used ESO's Very Large Telescope to peer back into the ancient Universe, to a period known as reionisation, approximately 800 million years after the Big Bang. Instead of conducting a narrow and deep study of a small area of the sky, they broadened their scope to produce the widest survey of very distant galaxies ever attemptedTheir expansive study was made using the VLT with help from the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Subaru Telescope as well as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The team discovered -- and confirmed -- a number of surprisingly bright very young galaxies. One of these, labelled CR, was an exceptionally rare object, by far the brightest galaxy ever observed at this stage in the Universe [4]. With the discovery of CR7 and other bright galaxies, the study was already a success, but further inspection provided additional exciting news.[1]

CR7's nickname is an abbreviation of COSMOS Red shift 7, a measure of its place in terms of cosmic time. The higher the red shift, the more distant the galaxy and the further back in the history of the Universe it is seen. A1689-zD1 , one of the oldest galaxies ever observed, for example, has a redshift of 7.5.

 References

 1] ESO. "Best observational evidence of first generation stars in the universe: VLT discovers CR7, the brightest distant galaxy, and signs of Population III stars."  Science Daily, 17 June 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150617092409.htm.

2] Comment of Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya on article  Astronomers spot first-generation stars, made from big bang at Science of AAAS.org By Daniel Clery  17 June 2015 6:00 am
 6 Comments

Copy Right Decleration-: - This article titled as "First Star Formation in the galaxy III generation star formation " is under strict  Intellectual Property Right  acts /rules of the author & Copy Right of this article  belongs only  to Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya and his daughter Miss Upasna Bhattacharya  and his first degree relatives only as per copy right act & rules/sub rules  of Intellectual Property Right acts & Rules  subsections 306/ 3D/107/1201 a,b/ RDF Copy Right rules/ SPARC copy Right rules-2006/ and Protect intellectual Property Right(PIP) copy right rules of USA-2012.Please do not attempt or try  to Infringe and be enough careful for your own safety if you are not direct Blood relation to prof Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya  . No persons, No NGOS, No Researchers [ except the author ,his daughter &  his first degree relatives]  in the state of West Bengal or in any states of India or in any abroad countries are authorized by professor Bhattacharya to use this article{except where he published the same articles  as his comments) , with any meaning full,  scientific sentences or with scientific and meaning full words laid out in this article either in the class room/  or in mass teaching programme including in CME  or  in any form what so ever it is with any content of this article or while in writing any book or for his/her personal/ home use, or collective works or for any future Research or  or,[ except the authors ]or  by Xeroxing and distributing the article/ or by printing/saving/broadcasting the article from any website of internet services,displayed without proper copy right clearance from the authors or from his family members or future copy right owner by written forms. 

Citation of Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya on article Published in Journal Annals of Tropical Medicine Public health of AHRO Year : 2013 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 5 | Page : 591-592

Year : 2013  |  Volume : 6  |  Issue : 5  |  Page : 591-592

Effective health care system

Shunhai Qu1, Viroj Wiwanitkit2 1 Journal Press of Hainan Medical College, Hainan Medical College, Hainan, China 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China Click here for correspondence address and email Date of Web Publication 3-Jun-2014

How to cite this article: Qu S, Wiwanitkit V. Effective health care system. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2013;6:591-2 How to cite this URL: Qu S, Wiwanitkit V. Effective health care system. Ann Trop Med Public Health [serial online] 2013 [cited 2015 Jun 19];6:591-2. Available from: http://www.atmph.org/text.asp?2013/6/5/591/133763 Dear Sir, The recent editorial commentary on "effective health care system" is very interesting. [1] As it is suggested," a poor-friendly, safe, quality and effective health care system" should be implemented instead of "a health industry, public-private partnership, or health tourism for the rich and middle class society. [1]" The policy to give the fair and equal health service as a universal coverage program should be the core concept in public health system paradigm shift. [2] Each individual should have the chance to assess the health care service without barrier. However, in the real world, there are many obstacles that we should further think: The ritual belief and traditional practice that deviate the individual for getting standard health care service The geographical barrier, such as distance from the health care setting, that prevent the accessibility of the individual to health care service The pseudo-universal coverage system (free in concept but not in real practice; for example, there are several indirect costs occurring to the patients such as transportation, some drugs and medical devices) that is still existed in some countries The lack of knowledge, malpractice and conflict of interest of the medical personnel.      References   1. Bhattacharya PK. Do West Bengal and other provinces in India need reforming for a poor-friendly, safe, quality, and effective healthcare system instead of a health industry, public-private partnership, or health tourism for the rich and middle class society of the state or country? Ann Trop Med Public Health 2013;6:269-73.        2. Ruger JP. Ethics in American health 2: An ethical framework for health system reform. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1756-63.   [PUBMED]     Correspondence Address: Shunhai Qu Journal Press of Hainan Medical College, Hainan Medical College, Xueyue Road, Haikou, Hainan - 571 101 China Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None DOI: 10.4103/1755-6783.133763

How much possibility of Civilized Extra Terrestrial life in other Exo planets in R R Ddaniel's Book' book concept of space science and by author Max jammer

How much possibility of Civilized Extra Terrestrial life in other Exo planets?
Authors_:
*Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya- MD(cal) FIC Path(Ind), Professor & Head of Department of Pathology, Calcutta school of Tropical Medicine; C.R Avenue Kolkata-73; West Bengal, India, * Miss Upasana Bhattacharya- Student, Mahamayatala, Garia, kol-86,daughter of Prof. PK Bhattacharya ** Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya-Bsc(cal), Msc(JU), **Mr.Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal),** Miss Rupsa Bhattacharya , **Mr. Soumyak Bhattacharya BHM of residence 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas(north) ,Kolkata-110,WestBengal, India *** Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA (hons) Cal, ***Miss Aindrila Mukherjee- Student, Mr Debasis Mukherjee BSC(cal) of Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north), West Bengal, India, Dr. Tarun Biswas MBBS(cal) Demonstrator,Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata-20, Dr. Hriday Ranjan Das MD(cal), DTM&H(cal), Dept of Nephrology, IPGME&R, 244a AJC Bose Road
Alien life forms are generally regarded as the stuff of science fiction and fantasy and subject for/ from the movies by several times Oscar winner Hollywood director Steven Spielberg. But both SETI [While philosophers and biologists may debate the meaning of the term 'intelligence', for the purposes of the SETI project intelligence simply means the ability to build large radio telescopes and transmitter of high-powered radio signals or intense laser beams] and NASA's Exobiology Program, which seeks to understand the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe, researchers are about to begin the SETI Microwave Observing Project. radio telescopes around the world which will search for signals produced by other intelligences. There are of course two schools of thoughts about intelligent life out there in the Galaxy, It is argued that life on the planet Earth, and especially intelligent life, is the result of an incredibly unlikely set of circumstances; and there is no intelligent life anywhere else in our Milky Way Galaxy, perhaps none in the entire Universe. But according to the opposing school argument, there are so many stars and planets in the Galaxy that, provided there is even a small chance of intelligence developing on any one planet it must have happened many times on many different planets. Nobody seems to take the middle view, that life is restricted to just a few planets in our Galaxy; either it exists solely on Earth, or there are many inhabited planets. If the SETI project detects just one signal, the implication will be that we are not alone, and that evolutionary biology is an inherent characteristic of certain locations in the Universe - planets like Earth.[1]
What are the requirements for development of life [simple, complex or intelligent] in universe especially in our galaxy Milky Way star’s planets? First of all, let us authors, to compose a list of possible astronomy related requirements for development of life on the planet Earth or if evolved in other worlds of our galaxy the Milky Way
2nd generation stars with heavy elements
* Large planetary family to absorb debris
* Iron core to generate magnetosphere
* Planet massive enough to retain its atmosphere
* Collision with planetoids to create voids in tectonic plates and large moon. [Please see LINK
(http://www.spacedaily.com/news/life-01x1.html)]
Spectral type stars: G, late F, early K, a late F or early K type star are also candidates for having life-bearing planets
Stable intensity of star
* Large moon to stabilize rotation because without large moon the rotational axis of the planet will be unstable
* Plate tectonic activity
* Water[ocean] by cometary’s seeding
* Recent nearby nova to clear out interstellar dust
please see LINK
(http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/chips_epo/science.html)
* Time between large impactors for life
* Main sequence star 

please see LINK
http://homepage.sunrise.ch/homepage/schatzer/Alpha-Centauri.html)
* Adequate age for life to evolve
* Orbit within ' the habitable zone 
PLease  See links for RR Daniel  books  Concept of Space- as review  in Google book 
https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Concepts_in_Space_Science.html?id=WYCltc12Gs8C&hl=en
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WYCltc12Gs8C&sitesec=reviews
 concept of space by author  Max Jammer  PDF  as his  reference in E book in page -3

Tachyon- Faster than Light Particle Exist in Our Universe or an Imaginary Mathematical Particle published in International . J of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Space science of Open Science group USA , Impact factor -4.9

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Tachyon- Faster than Light Particle Exist in Our Universe or an Imaginary Mathematical Particle

Pages:12-29丨Paper in PDF丨Vol.2, No.3, June 2015

Authors

[01]Rupak Bhattacharya, Calcutta University, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India.[02]Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Calcutta University, Department of Pathology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.[03]Upasana Bhattacharya, Mahamayatala, Garia, Kolkata, India.[04]Ritwik Bhattacharya, Calcutta University, West Bengal, India.[05]Rupsa Bhattacharya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.[06]Dalia Mukherjee, Calcutta University, West Bengal, India.[07]Oaindrila Mukherjee, Indira Gandhi National Open University.[08]Aiyshi Mukherjee, South Habra, 24 Parganas (North), West Bengal, India.[09]Hindole Banerjee, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.[10]Arunava Das, Quarter NG Campus, Murshidabad Medical College, West Bengal, India.

Abstract

For the relativistic formula for the kinetic energy, ordinary subatomic particles are confined in an infinite well of velocity of Light [c]. So it may be however considered that Faster than Light Particle (FTL) speed phenomenon may exist in this Universe. On the other hand to day even physicists and particle physicist do not consider that Faster than light particles (FTL) exists. The FTL particle is called “Tachyons” the name coined by G. Feinberg [8] in 1969. There had been many search by various experiments for FTL but most of them showed negative for their existences. It may be that light particles created inside the atomic nuclei which has the nonzero rest mass less than 10-32 kg has the probability of almost unity to transfer into FTL. The electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos also have been observed as FTL state but they have mass and if the rest mass of the neutrinos emitted in proton smashing at speed of light is less than 10-32 then it may be travelling as FTL and there is possibility of existences of Tachyons.

Keywords

Rest Mass, Faster-than-Light (FTL) Particles, a Zero Rest Mass Particle Possible, Tachyons

Reference

[01]Rupak Bhattacharya, Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya, Miss Upasana Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya etal “ Tachyon as an imaginary particle that may move faster than photons in the Universe and yet to be discovered” comment published on September 28, 2011( comments no- 43) of article by author Chad Orzel “ Faster than a specific photon measurement of neutrino velocity with OPERA ditector in CNGS beam” Science blog Uncertain Principals on Sept 24,2011 URL - Scienceblogscom/principles/2011/09/24/faster-than-a-speeding-photon/[02]Tachyon article in Wikipedia URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon[03]Per Olof Hulth High Energy Neutrinos from the Cosmos at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/hulth[04]URL http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/cosmicrays/cratmos.html[05]URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_neutrino_observation.jpg[06]Scholf I Chase Do Tachyon exist? ] http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html[07]Bilaniuk, Deshpande and Sudarshan et al American j Physics 30;78;1962[08]Gerald Feinberg “on the Possibility of faster than Light particles “ Physics. Rev vol 159; P 1089-1105;1967[09]Bogdan A Jobrescu “ Mass less gauge bosons other then photon” High energy Physics aixiv:hep-ph/0411004; Physics Rev. letter vol 94: p 151802: 2005[10]ALAN CHODOS et al, NULL EXPERIMENTS FOR NEUTRINO MASSES Mod. Phys. Lett. A 07, 467 (1992). DOI:10.1142/S0217732392000422 http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217732392000422?journalCode=mpla[11]Alfeven.H Rev. mod.physics 37:652;1965 quated in Why There's More Matter Than Antimatter in the Universe http://cosmoquest.org/forum/showthread.php?72136-Why-There-s-More-Matter-Than-Antimatter-in-the-Universe&p=1213566#post1213566[12]Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya and Rupak Bhattacharya “Does the Universe contain also anti galaxies-a myth or reality? Space Light journal vol 4,P7-13;1998[13]Stiegman G Nature journal vol224, yr l969 in Big Bang nucleosynthesis by Schramm, D. N. Journal: In: Cosmic chemical evolution. Proceedings of the 187th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held at Kyoto, Japan, 26-30 August 1997. Edited by K. Nomoto and J. W. Truran. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020-0448-6, 2002, p. 1 - 15[14]Dashen R physics Review Vol 87;P345;1s969[15]PAMELA Experiment http://hep.fi.infn.it/PAMELA/slidespapers.php[16]Adrian Cho OPERA Experiment Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment SCIENCE AAAS 22 September 2011 http://news.sciencemag.org/2011/09/neutrinos-travel-faster-light-according-one-experiment[17]ATLAS Experiment http://atlas.ch[18]MINOS EXPERIMENT 30th march 2006 http://www-numi.fnal.gov/Minos/[19]DONUT Direct Observation of NUTAU T872 Experiment http://www.nu.to.infn.it/exp/all/donut/[20]Where Went the Anti matter? http://cosmoquest.org/forum/archive/index.php/t-107287.html
Please  Down load the PDF in free http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/archive?journalId=703

A Tribute to Gunter Grass Nobel Laureate in Literature of 1999

 By

 Professor( Dr.) Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya; Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, KOl-700073 ( On Detailment posting from Murshidabad District Medical College Murshidabad, Behrampore station road ) Member of Board of Studies(BOS) of West Bengal University of Health Sciences(WBUHS)  for UG and PG Studies in Pathology and Member Secretary of BOS for DCP Course of WBUHS

Please Click on Links
1]A Tribute to Günter Grass (1927–2015) in "'World Literature Today ""
2] At ""Out Look Daily mail"" German Nobel Laureate Guenter Grass Dies at 87 as comment 

 I came to know the 1999 Nobel Prize winner in literature” Gunter Grass” first through his book “The Tin Drum”, first I went through, in 2000,  the book for which he was declared Nobel Laureate in literature in 1999, and then I was posted at Bankura Sammilani Medical college in  the department of Pathology as “Associate Professor” of Pathology at BSMC, Bankura, West  Bengal, India – the land of extreme poverty, inequity, illiteracy with peculiar pronunciation “ Bankurian articulation and languages” Baoul sangeet and dances, filled up with kaccha houses  made of mud with thatched roof ,many  Basti houses areas in Gobinda Nagar and in  Machantala areas but was true to life  and I was transferred then from metro city of Howraha  D.S Lane and Kolkata School of Tropical Medicine in 1999. Both cities had then mammoth, well decorated , with all civic facilities, jungles of all private ownership big well decorated flats for upper middle class and  for some neo middle class sections of society, municipal or national supermarkets,  decorated parks,  swimming pools, pitched  betumin smooth roads   many Fly over roads, malls, inox, cinema houses, modern big banks, five or three stars hotels, hotel like private health care institutions, nursing homes, big big English  medium private schools, colleges, universities, educated but selfish peoples dwellers of metro cities and bellow all  covered were Bastis.  I  at  Bankura assisted a project of my room mates in mess on Child Trafficking from poor house hold  and on Rota Virus infection diarrhea  and efficacy of Rota virus vaccine trial  of Professor Dr Ajit Kumar Biswas then Professor and HOD of Pediatric Medicine and of Dr. Tapas Sabui  then Assistant Professor of Pediatric Medicine  at BSMC Bankura, who were PI in those self financed projects and we had to go to Bastis areas of Gobinda Nagar and of Machantala and other near by villages, I found those village people of  Bankura and near by district areas, wearing dirty tittered dhotis or lungee or towel, with nude upper chest and half naked illiterate people  of Basti   cohabiating with porks or Dogs or cows,hens, chickens, with much hope, love for their ill keens and distant relatives admitted in  that hospital waiting in open sky amidst in dry  hot, torrential storms and rain and severe cold  days after days to have news or prescriptions ordered to buy, ardors, simplicity with values of life and their left party mildness and devotion towards  then left ruler party  in that period of  2000. Some  however wanted a change- a spark of revolution

 In Later period of  my  city based life,  two books of Gunter Grass” Tin Drum”[ The old edition English translated book of 1962s  I purchased from college street market in 2000] and “Show your tongue” published in 1987  [ I purchased  it from Cross word Book Shop of S.N Pandit Road of Kolkata, where I and Dr Hriday Ranjan  Das of Nephrology dept IPGME&R Kolkata-20  often visited in  evening to read for an hour before returning my home] influenced my life a lot for left politics and left party and  I realized how much true Gunter Grass found hope, love, simplicity, stupidity, values of life, ethics of life still exist amongst inhabitants of  suburban, urban , village and Basti’s illiterate people, than the all city based, middle class upper middle class so called college and university educated people of Kolkata metropolis  city or conquering sight of high rising flats, malls, and Banks of Kolkata city or AC Volvo bus or Metro train or of Frankfruit or other cities of 3^rd world or be first world

 Gunter Grass probably visited Calcutta then for first time in 1975, when I was a 2^nd year MBBS Student of Medical college Kolkata from a bellow poverty level family and my father was  working hard to  form left party  at sodepur under banner of CPM with Gopaluncle. This was the period  when  Naxalite movement was being handled brutally  by hostile congress government and then hostile Marxist government in 1977 and it was some sort of  state  visit where he was possibly guided by officials of state congress government of Mr. Roy and he was put into Governor’s house and his first encounter with then Calcutta was short and fervid. He was yet shocked and stupefied by  the squators’, dirt, poverty, of 1970s which was reflected in his book” The Flounder”-and he recommended then Calcutta to young couple a place to visit on their  honeymoon, when on the other hand he told the city of joy as a pile of shit that God  dropped and Calcutta like worms how it swarms, stinks, lives, gets bigger and bigger in volume and size like the giant insect  Mr jr. Gregor of Franz kafka’s metamorphosis

 But in 1986-87, when Gunter re-visited Calcutta in the ruling party of leftfront  government  he lived for few months at Basti  at Baruipur of south 24 Parganas of WestBengal and then he with his wife moved to then posh area of Lake town in first floor of a flat for 3 months or so  and he roamed underbelly and Red light areas of Calcutta from experiences he wrote “ Show your Tongue”, where he became  very critic and clear about vulgar pockets of luxury and life style of neo middle class and upper middle class people who are in-fact worth less creature made by God in state economy – he became bold and  direct turning to blind eyes to the curse of all around on the other poor socioeconomic class people and he was in fact really  moved by relentless ardors and toil of poor socioeconomic class Basti peoples culture, who fight always against all odds to live some how with minimum requirements and some how in and out in inhospitable environment, be it ruler a left government or a right government. During his visit in 1986-87 Gunter Grass and his wife Ute used to travel by crowded suburban trains from Baripur to college street . He in his book “ show your tongue” whose  one portrait  once became cover page of  world famous British Medical journal as icon of West Bengal  was of goddess kali of Bengalese seemed to be very critical on class division based on earnings and economics in open market economy in India [and Gunter Grass was against the bazaar economy and open market policies] where he described the struggle of existence inhospitable environment of Bastis but beauty ,simpleness,  hope, love, ardors, values of life, and revolution to be taught amidst of dirt, garbage, jobless young peoples,  poverty illiteracy, toils and daily quarrels which are still truth . Grass always  made a comparison between Calcutta and Frankfurt and he confessed that well ordered Basti - rooms of Calcutta are more satisfying time to life and socialistic world than luxury  type  high raising flats, mammoth modern housings, flats, gothic architectures and according myself possibly  Gunter Grass did not want to develop Calcutta like Frankfurt or London or like West for upper  middle class and middle class society who are also  nothing but  a kind of commodity in Bazar to consumers, but rather in dialectical  form of development.

 Gunter Grass was born in Oct 1927 [and my father in August 26 ,1926 ] in the family of Grocer shop in Danzing during time of world war II and was forced to join in paramilitary organization in his age of 14 and entered in Adlof Hitler’s Troup in age 14 as teen ager. “The Tin Drum”  Gunter  published in 1959 when I was only 3 years old and he was 32 and Nobel prize for “ TheTin Drum” came to him 40 years after the book published and I read the Tin Drum  when he was 73.The  Tin Drum was published followed by “ cat and mouse” and” dog years” [I did not read these two books] which is called as Daniz Trilogy” after the polish city of Gdask. The Trilogy compared the German reaction to the raise of Nazism, the horrors of world war II and the guilt that lingered to German after Adolf Hitler’s defeat. In the Trilogy Gunter Grass drew up his experiences on military services and his captivity as prisoner of World war II in the hand of American in 1946. The Book is narrated through eyes of “ Oskar Matzerath” a  strange gifted boy who resolves  to stop his growing and used to shatter glass whenever he shrieked as Nazism appears in 1930s and relentlessly pounds the drum of title. There  are many obscene and filthy voices in the book but the Swedish Academy for Nobel prize for literature said about  The Tin drum”………… It was as if German literature had been granted a new beginning after decades of linguistic and moral destruction…………………….” A seismograph for the society

 Gunter Grass passed away this planet Earth for heavenly abode  on 13^th April 2015 at age of 87. He will be remembered through out centuries next for his “ The Tin Drum “ and to Calcutta people for his Book “ Show your tongue “ Zunge Zeigen  Where he told^{[1 ]}

“ In the present Garbage’s already…….

Crouched  over slates practicing Bengali letters

The exercise, written over and over in Basti Rooms

In Translations” The life is beautiful here

1] From “Pile of shit”discovery of Breathtaking contradictions- by Subhoranjan Dasgupta; The Telegraph Calcutta ,Tuesday 14^th April 2015

Copy Right of this article” A tribute to Gunter Grass”  belongs only to Professor Dr. Pranab kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal Univ) FIC path  under copy right laws of Intellectual Property Right  of all rules and sub-rules of IPR based  copy right of WIPO and no comments or any  criticism  is allowed by any Bengalese or any Indian origin people on this  very article. Any published comments or critics  in any tangible medias  or in public domain will be considered as plagiarism and infringement of copy right rules by the author. The opinion  about  Gunter Grass is author’s personal as his tribute to a Nobel Laureate in literature.   

      

Anti-Stokes luminescence in the light of second order perturbation theory

Volume 105, Issue 19, 10 November 2014$4.00

Rupak Bhattacharya^1,a),, Bipul Pal^1,b) and Bhavtosh Bansal^1,c)
 VIEW AFFILIATIONS
Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 191102 (2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4901075
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence is measured in high-quality GaAs quantum wells. The primary pathway for interband optical absorption and hence emission under subbandgap photoexcitation is the optical phonon-mediated second-order electric dipole transition. This conclusion is drawn from the remarkable agreement between predictions of second-order perturbation calculation and the measured intensity of anti-Stokes photoluminescence, both as function of the detuning wavelength and temperature. The results are of direct relevance to laser cooling of solids where phonon-assisted upconversion is a necessary condition.
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC
Received 12 September 2014 Accepted 20 October 2014 Published online 10 November 2014

Refrence of Prof Pranab kumar Bhattacharya on Grey Zone Lymphoma in International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Case Reports 2(5): 110-116, 2015; Article no.IJMPCR.2015.022

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: lyntumwine@gmail.com;
 International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical 
Case Reports 2(5): 110-116, 2015
EBV-Positive Grey Zone Lymphoma in an HIVInfected Man from Kampala, Uganda: Case Report ;
Article no.IJMPCR.2015.022 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www. sciencedomain.org

L. K. Tumwine1,2*, J. Orem3 and L. W. Ayers2,4 1
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. 2Sub-Saharan Africa Lymphoma Consortium (NCI/SSALC), USA. 3Uganda Cancer Institute, P.O.Box 3955, Kampala, Uganda. 4Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2001 Polaris Parkway, Columbus, OH, USA.
 Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration with all authors. Author LKT provided the case and wrote the draft manuscript. Author JO provided the detailed patient case notes and managed the literature searches and author LWA designed the figures, managed the literature searches and contributed to correction of the draft. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
 Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJMPCR/2015/13625
 Editor(s): (1) Syed A. A. Rizvi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, USA. 
Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, University of Texas MD Anderson, USA. (2) Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Department of Pathology, School of Tropical Medicine ,Kolkata, 108 CR Avenue Kolkata-700073 West Bengal, India.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=786&id=38&aid=6950 Received 26th August 2014 Accepted 7th October 2014 Published 15th November 2014
ABSTRACT Aim: We describe the clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypic characteristics of an HIVinfected adult man on antiretroviral therapy who presented with an EBV-positive grey zone lymphoma.
Case Presentation: A 56-year-old HIV infected man from Uganda presented with a four month history of progressive abdominal swelling and B-symptoms. He was on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and cotrimoxazole. He was afebrile (36.9°C), severely wasted (BMI 14.8), and mildly anaemic. On physical examination, he had a 15 by 8 cm mass in the hypogastrium and umbilical region. The total white cell count was 8.3X103 /µL; neutrophils, 5.72X103 /µL; haemoglobin 11.1g/dL, platelets 528X103 /µL, LDH 197 IU/L and CD4 367/µL. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan showed a tumour involving the mesentery, jejunum and mid ileum. At laparotomy, a biopsy was taken, fixed, processed and stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E). Histopathology demonstrated large pleomorphic cells admixed with inflammatory smaller cells, Reed-Sternberg-like cell variants and frequent abnormal mitoses. Biomarkers CD20, PAX5, CD30 were positive but ALK negative (immunohistochemistry and strong EBER positivity in situ hybridization. The patient improved on modified CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) therapy. Discussion: The tumour had features intermediate between mediastinal large B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Conclusion: We present a case of EBV-positive grey zone lymphoma in an HIV-infected man on HAART therapy diagnosed and treated in a resource constrained medical setting. The histological features are unusual and represent a low incidence lymphoma that is recognized by mixed features reminiscent of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Keywords: HIV/AIDS; EBV; grey zone lymphoma; Uganda.

1. INTRODUCTION In most low income countries of Africa, especially sub Saharan Africa, lymphomas are diagnosed using morphology alone [1]. The diagnosis of lymphoma in developed countries is currently based on morphology, the patient’s clinical data, immmunophenotype and molecular studies. The 2008 WHO classification recognizes a group of lymphomas that do not fit in any of the clearly defined categories: “the grey zone lymphomas” [2]. These present a diagnostic dilemma due to the presence of overlapping clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular features of two well defined groups [2,3]. Most common of the grey zone lymphomas are the “B cell lymphoma unclassifiable between diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL)”. They are mainly mediastinal although several recent studies have shown that they may present in extramediastinal locations as well. These tumors are usually clinically aggressive [4-6]. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphomas (PMBL) display morphologic and immunophenotypic features similar to those of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). For this reason they are called “mediastinal grey zone lymphoma” or “large B cell lymphoma with Hodgkin features” [4,7,8]. Accurate diagnosis and characterization of these tumors is essential to enable specific treatment and prognosis [9]. EBV positive grey zone lymphomas in HIV infected patients have been rarely reported [10]. Grey zone lymphomas display features similar to primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma [2]. In particular, there is a diffuse pattern of large round, oval or polygonal cells, with bizarre pleomorphic nuclei: some resembling Hodgkin and/or Reed-Sternberg cells and tumor cells of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) [11]. Most large B cell lymphomas presenting in immunocompromised patients are EBV positive. EBV is thought to contribute to lymphomagenesis through promotion of B cell proliferation. On the other hand, the contribution of HIV to lymphomagenesis is complex but it is thought to be through immunodeficiency and molecular lesions [12]. Co-infection with oncogenic viruses such as HHV8 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) might also contribute [13]. A distinct category of DLBCL that occurs in the elderly patients, that is ‘EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the elderly’ has also been rarely identified [14]. We report a case of EBV-positive grey zone lymphoma in an HIV infected adult male from Kampala, Uganda.

2. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old HIV infected African man from Kampala, Uganda presented to our hospital with a four months history of progressive abdominal distension, drenching night sweats, evening fevers, poor appetite and weight loss. He did not vomit; have constipation, abdominal pain or diarrhoea. He had been receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jiroveci. This was his second admission to hospital. He had been hospitalised for the same condition a month earlier, before being referred for further management. During the previous admission in a Tumwine et al.; IJMPCR, 2(5): 110-116, 2015; Article no.IJMPCR.2015.022 112 secondary health care setting, an exploratory laparotomy was done and the colon was found nested together forming a mass anterior to the aorta. The abdomen was closed and the mass left intact. He was then referred to our hospital. He was married with two children. He was a retired soldier and a peasant farmer. There was no history of diabetes, hypertension or sickle cell disease in the family. He did not take alcohol neither smoke tobacco nor cigarettes. On examination, he was a middle aged man, with an axillary temperature of 36.9°C. He was severely wasted (weight: 46kgs, height 176.5 cms and BMI of 14.8) had mild anaemia and no jaundice. He had lipodystrophy of the face and dark patches on his finger nails. He had a midline sub umbilical surgical scar on his abdominal wall with a tender pulsatile mass in the hypogastrium and umbilical region extending 4 cms to the epigastrium. It measured 15 cms by 8 cms, the overlying skin was irregular and attached to the base. There was no bruit, however, and the bowel sounds were increased. Rectal examination was normal. The respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems were essentially normal. Results of laboratory tests included: total white cell count (WBC) of 8.3X103 /µL. Neutrophils, 5.72X103 /µL. Haemoglobin 11.1g/dL and platelet count 528X103 /µL. Liver and renal function tests were normal. Lactate dehydrogenase was 197 IU/L. The chest X-ray and echocardiography (ECHO) were normal, but the electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus bradycardia. The nadir CD4 T cell count was 0.26/µL five years prior to admission in our hospital when he was started on HAART. On admission, he had last had his CD4 T cell count done two years prior and it was 351/ µL. At admission, the CD4 T cell count was 367/µL. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen confirmed the presence of a mass and at CT scan, there was a midline intra-abdominal mass lesion that arose from above the aortic bifurcation and slightly below the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery and extended to the pelvic cavity. It was anterior to the aorta and did not involve it as well as the lower portion of the superior mesenteric artery. It involved the mesentery. It was heavily vascularised. These features were suggestive of a neoplastic mesenteric tumour with small bowel involvement. A laparotomy revealed a mesenteric tumour involving the mesentery at the level of the mid ileum. Cytopathological examination done during the operation was suggestive of lymphoma. A biopsy was taken for further histopathological work up. Histopathology of prepared tissues stained by (H & E) revealed a population of very large pleomorphic cells suggestive of Reed-Sternberg cells and admixed with smaller inflammatory cells. These Reed-Sternberg like variants, with abnormal mitoses. A provisional diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma was made. Immunohistochemistry was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio revealed that the large pleomorphic cells were CD20+, PAX5+ and CD30+ but ALK negative. The tumor cells were large or medium and were strongly EBER+. The small background cells were CD3 positive. All these features were suggestive of an EBV positive large B cell lymphoma, with Hodgkin features. The patient was initially rehydrated with normal saline and 5% dextrose. He later received allopurinol and the first course of chemotherapy after stabilisation. This included modified CHOP: cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 , Doxorubicin 50mg/m2 and Vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 on day one and prednisolone 100 mg on days one to five, repeated every 21 days. He registered satisfactory progress, and is alive and well.
3. DISCUSSION This patient’s tumor had clinical, histopathological features and immunophenotype intermediate between mediastinal large B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. It was located in the mesentery at the level of the mid ileum. Histomorphologically, there was a diffuse pattern of very large pleomorphic and anaplastic cells admixed with smaller mature lymphocytes, ReedSternberg-like variants, with plenty of abnormal mitoses and an inflammatory cell background. These features are similar to those of mediastinal large B cell lymphoma which presents with features of medium sized to large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and more or less round or ovoid nuclei. In some cases, lymphoma cells had pleomorphic and/or multilobated nuclei which resembled Reed-Sternberg cells hence Tumwine et al.; IJMPCR, 2(5): 110-116, 2015; Article no.IJMPCR.2015.022 113 raising the suspicion of Hodgkin lymphoma or Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (see Fig. 1) [15]. The majority of the tumors reported in the literature are located in the mediastinum, however there are a few that are extramediastinal like in our patient who had a mesenteric tumor [4,5]. Immunohistochemically, the tumor expressed mature B-cell markers; positive for CD20, CD79a, PAX-5 (see Fig. 1). This is similar to the immunophenotype of mediastinal large B cell lymphoma with expression of B-cell antigens and lack of surface Immunoglobulins [16]. CD30 was expressed especially by the Hodgkinlike, Reed-Sternberg cells. This has been seen in similar cases where the expression of CD30 is heterogeneous with weak to strong intensity [5]. These features are similar to those of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. CD15 and CD10 were weakly expressed, but ALK was negative. Activated B-cell markers like MUM-1 were strongly expressed as well, and EBER was strongly positive. EBV is usually associated with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) but not primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMBL). However, most AIDS related lymphomas are strongly associated with EBV. The presence of EBV and Hodgkin-like cells also raised the possibility of an EBV positive large B cell lymphoma in the elderly. Most of the reported gray zone lymphomas are not EBV positive [17].
 Fig. 1. At light microscopy, under Haematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) a population of very large bi-nucleated and multinucleated cells admixed with smaller cells, Reed-Sternberg- like variants and plenty of abnormal mitoses which turned out to be CD20+, CD79a+, CD30+, MUM- 1 positive, CD15-, CD10-, EBER+, Ki-67>80%, ALK- and P53+. Based on these findings we made a diagnosis of grey zone lymphoma Tumwine et al.; IJMPCR, 2(5): 110-116, 2015; Article no.IJMPCR.2015.022 114 In the current literature, there is only one report of an EBV positive gray zone lymphoma in an elderly female who was not HIV infected[8]. Although our patient was above 50 years, the diagnosis of EBV positive large B cell lymphoma in the elderly was excluded because there was a known cause of immunodeficiency which was HIV/AIDS infection. EBV+ DLBCL in the elderly has been described in patients who are more than 50 years of age with no known cause of immunodeficiency. Bhattacharya has also described cases of Hodgkin lymphoma in patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), and an increased prevalence of Hodgkin lymphoma in the cART era as compared the precART era. This prevalence increased with CD T cell count [18]. However, in our patient the clinical, morphological and immunophenotype was not specific to any of the distinct groups, classic Hodgkin lymphoma and mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, hence the diagnosis of gray zone lymphoma. Our patient’s immunophenotype was (strong B-cell immunophenotype CD20+, CD79a+, PAX-5, CD30+, CD15+/-, CD10+/-, ALK- and EBER+) which does not fit in the description for Nodular sclerosis Classic Hodgkin lymphoma with weak B-cell antigen expression (CD20- is weakly or variably expressed and PAX-5 and CD79a are weak or negative, CD30+, CD15+, CD10-, ALK- and EBER+) and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (CD20-, CD15+…. The most recent 2008 WHO classification recognizes a group of lymphomas that do not fit in any of the clearly defined categories: “the grey zone lymphomas” which present a diagnostic dilemma because of the presence of overlapping clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular features of two well defined groups [2,19]. This classification gives the histopathologist ‘the opportunity, to assign these lymphomas to a designated group’ that has features of large B cell lymphomas and Hodgkin disease. Our patient was treated with the regimen for aggressive B-cell non Hodgkin lymphoma and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). He did very well on this treatment and completed all the six cycles of therapy. This is in line with what most recent studies have recommended that these tumors are treated using therapy for aggressive B-cell non Hodgkin lymphomas. Clinical trials have not been realized due to the rarity of this type of tumor and the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria for the Mediastinal grey zone lymphomas. The recommended treatment for grey zone lymphomas is CHOP-like regimens [20,21]. The patient described in this report hence presents with features suggestive of grey zone lymphoma in an HIV positive patient. It remains to be seen whether such patients should be classified solely as grey zone lymphomas or whether they should be assigned to their own category.
4. CONCLUSION This was a case of HIV/AIDS-related EBVpositive grey zone lymphoma in an adult male from Kampala, Uganda. It was a malignant lymphoma with histological features and immunophenotype intermediate between mediastinal large B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Use of immunohistochemistry in the classification of NHL is vital, without which the specific subtypes are very difficult to classify. CONSENT All authors declare that written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and its accompanying images.
ETHICAL ISSUES This case study was part of a larger study of the Mid- Region Aids and Cancer Specimen Resource and Sub Saharan Lymphoma Consortium (SSALC) Uganda study NIH Grant number U01 CA 06652. Ethical approval was sought from the Institutional Review Board protocol number REC REF 2009-093. Further written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
 COMPETING INTERESTS Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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21. Dunleavy K, et al. Gray zone lymphoma: Better treated like Hodgkin Lymphoma or Mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Curr Hematol Malign Rep. 2012;7:241-247. _________________________________________________________________________________ © 2015 Tumwine et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=786&id=38&aid=6950