By
authors
Rupak Bhattacharya1, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya2, Upasana Bhattacharya3,Ritwik Bhattacharya4, Rupsa Bhattacharya5, AyisheeMukherjee5, Dalia Mukherjee5, Hindole Banerjee5 Debasis Mukherjee 5
1 BSc
(Calcutta University.), MSc(Jadavpur University.) of Residence -7/51
Purbapalli, Po-Sodepur, Dist- 24 Parganas (north), Kolkata-110, West Bengal,
India, Theoretical Physicist. No Institutional
attachment present
2 MBBS (Calcutta Univ.) Honours , M.D (Calcutta
Univ.), FIC Path (India), Professor
of Pathology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata-700073, West
Bengal, India; ----now as Professor of
Pathology at Murshidabad District Medical College, Berhampore, station Road , Murshidabad, West Bengal,
India, Member of Board of Studies(UG/PG) of West Bengal University of Health
Sciences, DD 36 Salt lake, sector -1,
Kolkata-64
3 Student and only daughter of Prof. Pranab
kumar Bhattacharya
4 B.com (Calcutta Univ.), of Residence 7/51
Purbapalli, PO-Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas (north), Kolkata-110, West Bengal,
India
5Residence 7/51 Purbapalli, Po-Sodepur, Dist 24
Parganas (north), Kolkata-110, West Bengal, India
E-mial address
profpkb@yahoo.co.in (P. K. Bhattacharya) mobile
+91 9231510435
corresponding author :
Professor Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya2 --: Professor of Pathology, Calcutta School
of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India; ----now as Professor of Pathology at Murshidabad
District Medical College, Berhampore,
station Road , Murshidabad, West Bengal, India, and Member of Board of Studies(UG/PG) of West
Bengal University of Health Sciences, DD 36 Salt lake, sector -1, Kolkata-64
Konstanin Batygin and Michael
E brown of California Institute of Technology USA in their recent published
paper in “ The Astronomical journal” titled paper
as “ Evidence of a distant giant planet in solar system “ vol 151 No 2 ,
January 20 [1]
;suggested a hypothetical planet [
rather a theoretical model] and it is orbiting in our solar system in a
highly elliptical orbit ,a gas giant icy planet as Kupier belt objects (KBO) and compared this hypothetical planet to “Neptune”
only as to mass which were previously thought as clustering of 6 (six) out of 13 known icy objects (KBO) those orbited beyond Neptune , in our solar
system in the outer Kuiper / inner
Oort clouds and astronomers named it as “ Planet -9” is that Planet X? .
Approximately 8000 years ago, the Sumnerian
tablets interpreted by
Stichen and others also clearly
stated the existence of such planets and called it as “Planet X” . “Pallas asteroid”
was considered once to be ninth planet of our solar system in
chronological discovery order from 1802 until its reclassification as a planetismal in 1850s. In
1866 , a French mathematician, Urbain – Le- Verrier predicted also the existence of a giant gas planet orbiting
between the sun and mercury from the
irregularities detected in the orbit of Uranus. He called it
“Vulcan” and it turned out not to
exist at all. About 100 years or so there was another planet candidates to the
planetary club. A planet called “ Vulcan” orbiting between mercury and sun . It
was U – Le- Verrier, who called this hypothetical planet as “ Vulcan” after the Greek God Fire. If this planet existed it would be so
hot as it would be very close to sun. In 1859 an armature astronomer named “ Edmond Modeste Uscar Bault” observed a dark
spot travelling across the sun. Having
previously observed the transit of mercury many years earlier he guessed that
it must be a transit
of another unknown planet . He contacted Le Verrier who
perhaps in his desire to see his
hypothesis to come to truth, accepted Uscar Bault’s hypothesis and Le Verrier’s
discovery of Vulcan . Many more transit were observed then in the next centuries.
None of them confirmed the existence of “Vulcan”. Albert Einstein’s paper “
Explanation of perihilon motion of mercury from general relativity theory”
Predicted murcury’s perhilion precession
without needing and extra planet. Astronomers at Berlin observatory, found the
new planet “Neptune” where it was supported to be. Remaining hiccups in “Uranus”
orbit led scientists to think that there might be one or
more giant gas planets and in 1960, Percival Lowell speculated and began to search for that what was called by
him as “ Planet X” in our solar system .
Claims of Planet -9’s existence recalled us a period in 19th
century when astronomers predicted and then discovered Neptune by studying tiny perturbations in the
orbit of Uranus. The Gravity of some
unseen body must be tugging on Uranus they said and they were very right. So
Pluto was also considered to be the ninth planet from its discovery in
1930 until its reclassification as a “Dwarf planet” in 2000. Neptune was the ninth closest planet from the sun
from 1979- 1999 when Pluto was considered the 8th closest planet from the sun
In 2005,
Michael E Brown spotted an object that officially became known as “Eris” (He
however preferred the name – Xena). Eris was about as big as Pluto which was
still then a planet. The existence of
Eris raised troubling questions such as what a planet is? Question raised if Eris was a planet then why not other small
icy spheres that orbits our sun are also
planet? In the end, International
Astronomical Union (IAU) categorized “Eris” and “Pluto” as dwarf planets. So
instead of ten planets our solar system has now 8 planets. What we now call planet are objects that can
dominate the neighborhood planets by gravitation . Pluto is slave to
gravitational influence of Neptune. So it was no more considered as planet.
Beginning of Story of “Planet -9”
within thousands icy objects of Kuiper Belt (KBO)
The story of “Planet-9” began in 2014, when a
pair of astronomers scientists Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo reported
findings KBO called 2012 VP113 in journal “Nature” that discussed
the potential existence of a giant
planet affecting the orbit of their dwarf planet word . It stretched out orbit
never came closer to sun of 80 AU [2]. 2012 VP113 joined the dwarf planet when Sedna as only second known
object with a very distance orbit. Scott Sheppard of the Carnegie Institution of Science
and Chad Trujillo of Hawaii's Gemini Observatory, who suggested the unusual
orbits of certain objects such as sednoids might be influenced by a massive
unknown planet at the edge of the Solar System[2]. They said that the
orbits of these objects suggest another big object – a planet bigger then planet earth which might exist at around 250
AU. Sedna, VP 113 and several other KBOs all showed a peculiar property. Their
closest approach to the sun lay in the plane of the solar system and they all moved
from south to north when crossing the plane.
Trans Neptune Objects(TNOs) and Jehoshaphat not detected by
Telescope
It was previously known clustering of six (6)
of 13 known objects that orbited beyond “Neptune” in our solar system as KBO largely unaffected by the presence of “Neptune”.
It was Chad Trujillo & Scott Sheppard (2014) to note that a
set of Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) in the distant solar system exhibits unexplained
clustering in orbital elements [2]. They are called Trans Neptunian Objects
(TNOs), whose orbit lie mostly beyond
Kuiper belt. Clustering of six (6) extreme Trans-Neptunian
objects were in a stable configurations
of orbits mostly outside the Kuiper belt (they are Sedna populations , 2012 VP113, 2007 TG422,
2004 VN112, 2013 RF98,
2010 GB174 RF 98, 2010 GB 174),
and the perpendicular tilt (orbit with a right angle, compared to the other
objects) of other objects such as 2008 KV42,
2012 DR30. K Balygin and Michael Brown said in their published paper in the journal “ The Astronomical Journal” of US that there are 0.007% chance or above one in
15,000 that clustered of above six(6) icy world
can be a coincidence , instead they said that a planet with mass of 10
earth and size of 3 earth has shaped the
six KBOs into their elliptical orbits
tilted out of plane of solar system and
they named the planet as “Jehoshaphat’ .
Batygin and Michael Brown have not however detected the planet directly by any telescopes in the northern hemisphere sky by 27 feet
wide Saburu telescope in Hawaii nor the
planet was found by Hubble or voyager telescope I [ Voyager 1 is 134 AU distantat
presently ] & II[ Voyager II is 110AU presently] pictures but two astronomers and theoretical physicist inferred it’s
existence based on
way it gravitationally sculpts
the strange orbits of small icy objects
beyond Pluto in Kuiper belt by the computer simulation study.
About the Giant Planet- Planet-9
How much distant it is?
This giant planet has a mass of 10 times mass of the earth m' = 10 m⊕.
Estimated mass of the planet- 9 is 6x 1025 with a radius of 13000Km
to 26000 Km [i.e. 8,100 to 16,000 miles] compared to 6371 KM for planet the earth and based on
motion of Kuiper belt objects, it has an
orbital period of 10,000 -20,000 years with sun’s major axis roughly 700 AU [about 20 times the distance of
Neptune from the sun] and it is in an highly elliptical orbit around sun tilted out of the plane of solar system. Its
closest approach to our sun is seven times farther then Neptune or 200 AU [ 30
billion Km] and its inclination estimated
to be 30+-20 degree. An
astronomical unit (AU) is the distance between
earth and sun i.e. 150 million kilometer (Km) and the planet- 9 so should be as far as 600 AU --- 1200 AU, well beyond the Kuiper belt , the region of small icy
world that begins at Neptune edge -about
30AU . Should we worry of this planet if at all exist for alien life? We must
not.
It is much harder to spot a planet far out of
the solar system and so it must be a hypothetical planet’s claim and we are
still in dark if at all it exists so long it is not viewed and spotted. A planet
produce no light of it’s own and the
planet that is far from the sun is going to reflect very little light , since it receives very little
solar radiations to begin with . Rather
distant galaxies are much easier to spot being brilliant sources of radiations. The authors Batygin and Brown tested their hypothesis by carrying out both analytical
calculations and numerical N-body simulations designed to determine if the
gravitational influence of a distant, planetary-mass companion can explain the
behavior we observe from the large-orbit KBOs. So it isn’t possible to exactly determine the
properties of this possible hypothetical planet, since multiple combinations of
its mass, eccentricity, and semi major axis can create the same observational results
we think so.
How and when the planet -9 was formed?
The hypothetical planet of Batygin and Brown
called it as “Planet Jehoshaphat ” orbits our sun every 15000 to 20,000 years, ten times
massive and three times larger than our planet the earth. This planet is
200-300 times as far away from the
sun and enter orbit of sun probably
takes 20,000 years only once. This planet was probably formed during the solar system’s
infancy, more than 4.5 billion years ago and was knocked out planet forming
core region near our sun. Slowed down gas and dusts, this hypothetical planet
settled into distant elliptical orbit where it still lurks composed of rocks
and Ice. The planet might have made its way out the edge of our solar system
when it was thrown out by the gravity of Jupiter or Saturn. As such distance of
the planet could be impossible to spot even with strongest telescope as little
light is sent back from that far away that it may never make it back for us to
see.
Four planet core or Five ?
Where planet- 9 did came from and how did it
end up in the outer solar system? 4.5 billion Years ago, our sun was one of
many stars incubating in an inter stellar nursery – a nebulae of dust and gas .
Eventually all but one of the stars wondered off and when the first planets
Jupiter , Saturn, Uranus, Neptune were formed- a residue of nebulae
remained. At first these four planets were just cores. So the early solar
system began with four planetary cores that went on to grab all gas around them
forming the four planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Over time collisions
and ejections, shaped them and moved them out their parental location is the
present theory. But of course there is no reason that there could not have been
five cores rather than four cores. Planet-9 may represent the fifth core if it
got close to Jupiter or Saturn it would had been ejected into distant eccentric
orbits of the solar system what Batigin and Brown told[2] .
Is there Possibility of Alien
life in Planet-9?
The surface of the planet -9 must be too much cooler
and icy and let us assume it composed of rocks and ice with a small envelop of
gas similar to Uranus and Neptune. Let us assume that Planet -9 has a solid surface
and their lies water (?) to support life. How much justification will be there
to colonize for human being or if intelligent civilization already exist there
how much possibility will they communicate with us as alien ? How much times then will you take to go to
planet -9 if at all such a planet with solid surface and water exist in KBO?
The Space craft “ New Horizon” that crossed few months before Pluto &
Neptune and with that if it flows from its current position it will require infinite amount
of time and fuel. New Horizon space craft will never have that much fuel
to mess around on an extra trip. In order to get to planet-9 it will locally
make a huge course of adjustment and probably does not have enough fuel to
reach there. The second thing is that how long the New Horizon space craft will
take to reach in planet-9? New Horizon
does not travel at constant speed in space time and there space time is not
flat also. If we consider still with an estimated maximum speed for a space
craft 16 Km/ second and if this space craft is targeted towards planet-9
during its closest approach to our sun
in its orbital path that would
have to travel a distance of 200 AU i.e.
2.99 x1013 miles. Now let us assume that by future technology the
New space craft reached planet-9, we yet do not know whether
the planet -9 has at all any atmosphere like ours earth to support life . If the planet-9
has atmosphere and we know that atmosphere of a planet have large impact on its
surface temperature. If we assume our
sun is a black body ( all radiations is from surface temperature) then one can assume the power energy radiated equally from black body in every directions , then the intensity of light
will decrease one over distance
squared. As a planet receives radiation from the sun the surface of the planet
is warmed up. When this happens the planets also becomes black body radiator. The
Equilibrium temperature of the planet is the point at which estimate and receives
radiation equally. But the planet-9
surface temperature will not be enough to have water to support intelligent
life or civilization.
Let me
assume that planet -9 has a solid surface can we walk on it if we can ever land
there is another question. This has to
do with surface gravitational field. On the surface of the earth the
gravitational field is 9.8 Newton per kg. We all know what it feels on the
surface of the earth. The surface
gravitational field for a planet depends on two things
1)
The mass of the planet 2) The
radius of the planet
The
more massive the planet is greater is the gravitational field and larger the radius
of the planet lesser the gravitational field and so
g=GM/R2
when G= 6.67 x10-11Nm2/kg2 and using high and
low estimate for the radius of the Planet-9 the gravitational is between 5.9
and 23.7 N/kg. So it may be possible that the gravitational field may be like earth
and we can walk if it is near 9.8N/kg. But the planet will be too much cooler
and icy world
Now
the questions rose to these authors like us
1)
Why we are assuming it as a planet? What we
call planets are objects that that can have gravitationally dominate their neighborhoods
planets. Planet-9 dominates more the solar system than any known planets.
Some
of the oldest objects in our galaxy are likely to be remnants of brown dwarf
sun that are no longer producing any heat and are now made of some kinds of
metals like Fe or Nickel core. There are many objects in the Kuiper belts that
have orbits around sun but are sort of
bunched to outside solar system .In 1922
Astronomers showed the first
evidence that Kuiper belt has a population of thousands icy objects
orbiting the sun at a distance of 30-50 AU. It may be a large object like brown dwarf planet or a large asteroid
2)
Is
the hypothetical planet can be Nibrue or Sedna? Nibrue and Sedna have similar eccentric
objects and they are 10 billion Km distance from the earth and orbit our sun in
a period of 26000 years. Sedna was discovered in 2003 by M. Brown himself. Brown and his colleagues Chad Trugillo and David
Rabinowin had spotted Sedna an icy object with an eccentric orbit outside the Kuiper Belt . It comes no closer to sun
than 900 AU. Sedna is typically referred
to as extreme in Oort cloud another reservoir of icy scraps which is thought to occupy the
utmost edge of our solar system. Sedna
has elliptical orbit of 11,400
years and between 76 AU & 937 AU( which is 2.5 to 31 times distant from sun
to Neptune). Its discovery led suggestion that it was an inner Oort cloud
objects deflected by a passing star or
by a large unseen objects.
3)
Does the planet-9 is the main source of long period’s
comets? Does this affects the developing
understanding of galactic tides on the Oort cloud roughly 30 million years? The
Kuiper belt is home to many objects
formed in the Uranus and Neptune region
4.5 billion years ago. Rosetta’s comet
67P comes from here. Even more comets
populate the spherical but yet unseen. Oort cloud is another belts of rocks and ice far beyond
the Kuiper belt where most comets spend most of their time. Oort cloud is 10,000 AU distant from sun.
We have several near masses
within our stars in galaxy. The gravitational effects of these stars warped the
Kuiper belt objects off the plane ecliptic. Some planets being 20 times the distance
of Neptune away from the sun would have had devastating gravitational effects
from these rouge stars. Would a planet get enough radiation to spin away from
the sun? Some paper theorize that Jupiter
or may be Saturn forced close to
sun and moved further out a later date due to effects they left on the inner planets orbit.
What if it was this planet of spinning into the sun became almost all of its
forwarded speed was removed by one those passing star. So there is no reason
that this Planet-9 still exist in our solar system
4] Observational aspects of the distant Kuiper Belt have not yet addressed specially in 150–250
AU regions and it is just a speculation.
5] Every few years
some one astronomers announces discovery of Planet X or some large objects that
galloped and for centuries finally missed.
6] The planet -9 may
not exist at all. These is a conjectural
body and until we see it for real it
will be always questionable whether it exist at all. Icy giants are prevalent
through out our galaxy
Words 3361
References
·
1]
Konstanin Batygin and Michael E brown Evidence of a distant
giant planet in Solar system “ The Astronomical journal vol 151 No 2 , January 20
·
2] Trujillo C. A. and Sheppard S. S. 2014 Nature 507
471-474
This article had been Published in the US journal "Lost Origins.com " as a comment no 1 to the article" "Existence of Planet X" on 25 th January 2016 under strict copy Right of authors as per IPR based Copy Right Rules as stated aboveLost Origin
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As Letter To the Editor in Journal The Astronomical journal USA and in external peer review process
please click on the link http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22/meta for the full article on planet-9 as titled
Decision of " The Astronomical Journal" of American Society of Astronomy USA
Dear Prof. Bhattacharya, Regarding your paper to be considered for publication in The Astronomical Journal, Manuscript number: AJ-13060 Title: The Hypothetical Planet -9 does at all exist into our solar system or may not exist at all Authors: Bhattacharya et al. The Astronomical Journal only publishes papers based on the gathering, reporting and analysis of observational data. We do not publish letters, even if they are intended as comments on previously published papers. Consequently, we are unable to consider your paper or similar manuscripts for publication. Regards, Ethan T. Vishniac AAS Editor-in-Chief Johns Hopkins University
Decision letter of the Journal NEWASTRONOMY of Elsevier Science on dated 11th Feb 2016
Re: The Hypothetical Planet -9 does at all exist into our solar system or may not exist at all
by
Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, MD(Calcutta Univ) FIC path(india0; Rupak Bhattacharya, Bsc( Calcutta Univ) Msc(Jadavpur University); Upasana Bhattacharya; Ritwick Bhattacharya, B.Com(calcutta University); Rupsa Bhattacharya; , Ayishee Mukherjee; , Dalia Mukherjee, BA(Honors)( Calcutta University); Hindole Banerjee, BA ; Debasis Mukherjee, Bsc(calcutta University) Submitted to New Astronomy by manuscript no NEWAST-D-16-00024 as letter to the Editor
Dear Prof .Dr. Bhattacharya,
We have read your paper and hypothesis submitted to "New Astronomy" as letter to the Editor and after External Peer Review we determined that the content of your work is not however within the scope of this journal. We hope you will be able to find a more appropriate journal for your hypothesis on existence of Planet -9 in our solar system .
Thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider your work.
Yours sincerely,
Managing Editor
New Astronomy Journal
homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/newast
Decision of " The Astronomical Journal" of American Society of Astronomy USA
| Subject: | AJ-13060: Your manuscript submitted to The Astronomical Journal |
|---|
Dear Prof. Bhattacharya, Regarding your paper to be considered for publication in The Astronomical Journal, Manuscript number: AJ-13060 Title: The Hypothetical Planet -9 does at all exist into our solar system or may not exist at all Authors: Bhattacharya et al. The Astronomical Journal only publishes papers based on the gathering, reporting and analysis of observational data. We do not publish letters, even if they are intended as comments on previously published papers. Consequently, we are unable to consider your paper or similar manuscripts for publication. Regards, Ethan T. Vishniac AAS Editor-in-Chief Johns Hopkins University
Decision letter of the Journal NEWASTRONOMY of Elsevier Science on dated 11th Feb 2016
Re: The Hypothetical Planet -9 does at all exist into our solar system or may not exist at all
by
Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, MD(Calcutta Univ) FIC path(india0; Rupak Bhattacharya, Bsc( Calcutta Univ) Msc(Jadavpur University); Upasana Bhattacharya; Ritwick Bhattacharya, B.Com(calcutta University); Rupsa Bhattacharya; , Ayishee Mukherjee; , Dalia Mukherjee, BA(Honors)( Calcutta University); Hindole Banerjee, BA ; Debasis Mukherjee, Bsc(calcutta University) Submitted to New Astronomy by manuscript no NEWAST-D-16-00024 as letter to the Editor
Dear Prof .Dr. Bhattacharya,
We have read your paper and hypothesis submitted to "New Astronomy" as letter to the Editor and after External Peer Review we determined that the content of your work is not however within the scope of this journal. We hope you will be able to find a more appropriate journal for your hypothesis on existence of Planet -9 in our solar system .
Thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider your work.
Yours sincerely,
Managing Editor
New Astronomy Journal
homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/newast
EVIDENCE FOR A DISTANT GIANT PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Konstantin Batygin1 and Michael E. Brown1
Published 2016 January 20 • © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. • , ,
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