Blogs of Professor(Dr.) Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya MD(calcutta.Univ) Pathology;

Blogson TheoreticalPhysics;Astronomy; MedicalSciences,Pathology; etc.All contents,words, Syllables &;Scientificallymeaning ful sentences of all blogsposted are Strictly Copy Righted material to ProfDr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya under IPR Copy Right Acts sections-306/301/3D/107/1012/ RDF and Protect Intellectual Property Right ACT of USA-2012. Don't try to infringe, to avoid huge civil/criminal proceedings in IPR Court: Acknowledgement for all my blogs to my Spouse Mrs Sumita Bhattacharya

Wednesday, 14 March 2012

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal); FICpath(Ind): Sodepur From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sodepur
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodepur

Tuesday, 13 March 2012

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Monday, 12 March 2012

Meta-analysis of individual patient data in randomised trials of self monitoring of blood glucose in people with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes

Title: SMBG is important along with Diabetes self-management education for management of type2 Diabetes as SMBG represents thus an important adjunct to HbA1C, because it probably differentiate fasting, pre-prandial, and postprandial hyperglycemia; detect glycemic excursions; identify hypoglycaemia; and may provide immediate feedback about the effect of food choices, physical exercise, and medication on glycemic control

The author of the article says that “It is widely agreed that for further evaluation of self monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG), the therapeutic interventions and efforts to promote behavioural change should be more tightly aligned to the results obtained from self monitoring, and targeted at those likely to benefit.

Early studies linking test results to specific drug and behavioural strategies have had promising results, although not achieving the 0.5% reduction in HbA1c that is generally accepted to be of clinical relevance. Smaller reductions of HbA1c level might be of importance from a public health perspective if achieved on a wide scale and at lower cost; however, costs of self monitoring remain high, even in low and middle income countries, with the costs of unsubsidised test strips varying from $0.35 in Australia to $3.11 in India.37 Until further studies can establish potential target groups and promising interventions to improve glycaemic control with self monitoring, our meta-analysis using individual patient data does not provide convincing evidence to support its routine use for people with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes using the range of interventions employed within the included trials.”

It is fact that in India the cost of SMBG is very high; almost for strips Rs 600-700/= per month . The bulk of patients are not in financial capacity to spend for such high cost for daily check up at least thrice a day and to have food accordingly. Moreover, glucometer and strips result give many times does not reflect true glucose value except hypoglycaemia if occur.

It is however very good to detect hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetics also. Diabetes care according this author is complex one and requires many vital issues to tackle, beyond only glycemic control. It requires a range of interventions and support to improve diabetes control and outcomes. If the author is not wrong, in 2009, an International Expert Committee, which included representatives from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recommended the use of the HB A1C test to diagnose and monitoring diabetes, with a threshold of ≥6.5% , and ADA adopted this criterion in 2010 .

HbA1C reflects glycemic control for three months. This diagnostic test should be performed using a method that must be certified by the National Glyco-haemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and NABL accredited Laboratories in West Bengal and must be standardized or traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference assay. Point-of-care HbA1C assays, for which proficiency testing is probably mandated, are not sufficiently accurate at this time to use for diagnostic purposes in many laboratories of Kolkata metropolis even and not available in urban ,district or subdivisional and rural or state general hospitals of health care system in West Bengal india. So health care providers doctors have to depend on the established glucose criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes (FPG and 2-h PBG) and it remains valid as well for drug monitoring and control .

Just as there is less than 100% concordance between the FPG and 2-h PG tests, there is not perfect concordance between A1C and either glucose-based test. Analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data also indicates that, assuming universal screening of the undiagnosed, the A1C cut point of ≥6.5% identifies one-third fewer cases of undiagnosed diabetes than a fasting glucose cut point of ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). However, in community practice, a large portion of the diabetic population remains still unaware of their condition in West Bengal. Thus, the lower sensitivity of Hb A1C at the designated cut point may well be offset by the test's greater practicality, and wider application of a more convenient test (A1C) may actually increase the number of diagnoses made. SMBG also may be carried out three or more times daily for patients who are using multiple insulin injections or insulin pump therapy or in Type 2 DM who are on OHA.

What is to be considered as glycemic control?

Assessment of glycemic control. Two primary techniques are available for health providers doctors and patients to assess the effectiveness of the management plan on glycemic control: patient self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) or interstitial glucose, and Hb A1C which is not available in most places and cost 300 to 500 Rupees in Indian currency depending on laboratories where done.

Glucose monitoring Recommendations

• For patients using less-frequent insulin injections, noninsulin OHA therapies, or medical nutrition therapy (MNT) alone, SMBG may be useful as a guide towards management on consultation with doctor.
• To achieve postprandial glucose targets, postprandial SMBG may be appropriate.
• When prescribing SMBG, one must ensure that patients receive initial instruction in, and routine follow-up evaluation of, SMBG technique and their ability to use data to adjust therapy be insulin or OHA.
• Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in conjunction with intensive insulin regimens can be a useful tool to lower Hb A1C in selected adults (age ≥25 years) with type 1 diabetes( Insulin Dependent & MODY).
• Although the evidence for Hb A1C-lowering is less strong in children, teens, and younger adults, CGM may be helpful in these groups. Success correlates with adherence to ongoing use of the device.
• CGM may be a supplemental tool to SMBG in those with hypoglycaemia unawareness and/or frequent hypoglycaemic episodes.

Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is the difficult one but should be an ongoing process of facilitating the knowledge about diabetes, its complications, signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia, benefit of daily exercise, care for foot , eye , infections , behavioural changes, skill, and ability necessary for diabetes self-care. This process incorporates the needs, goals, and life experiences of the persons with diabetes and is to be guided by evidence-based standard common and consequential SMBG information, motivation, and behavioural skills deficits which is usually present. The overall objectives of DSME are to support informed decision-making, self-care behaviours, problem-solving and active collaboration with the health care doctors team and to improve clinical outcomes, health status, and quality of life style. and patients with these gaps were less likely to test thus frequently. Clinical education focusing on relevant SMBG information, motivation to act, and behavioural skills for acting effectively may be thus a priority according to me. Real-time information provided by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) represents thus an important adjunct to A1C, because it probably differentiate fasting, preprandial, and postprandial hyperglycemia; detect glycemic excursions; identify hypoglycemia; and may provide immediate feedback about the effect of food choices, physical exercise, and medication on glycemic control.

The importance of SMBG is widely thus appreciated and may be recommended as a component of management in patients with type 1 or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, or OHA treated type2 diabetes as well as in diabetic pregnancy, for both women with pregestational type 1 and gestational diabetes. Nevertheless, and of course HbA1C is best.

Competing interests: None declared

published in BMJ

http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e486/rr/572551 as Rapid Response

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): Understanding mechanisms for host defense in HIV-1...

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): Understanding mechanisms for host defense in HIV-1...: Authors * Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal), FIC Path(Ind) , Professor and Head, Dept. of Pathology; *Miss Upasana Bhatta...

Understanding mechanisms for host defense in HIV-1 infection is probably necessary for planning a treatment or development of a drug or vaccine or gene therapy for HIV1 infection

Authors

o *Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal), FIC Path(Ind), Professor and Head, Dept. of Pathology; *Miss Upasana Bhattacharya – Only daughter of Prof. P.K. Bhattacharya ;

o **Rupak Bhattacharya BSc(cal),MSc(JU);**Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal); **Soumyak Bhattacharya BHA;** Rupsa Bhattacharya of residence 7/51 Purbapalli, Sodepur, Kol-110; ***Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) cal, ***Miss Oindrila Mukherjee*** Mr Debasis Mukherjee BSc(cal) of residence Swamijinagar, South Habra 24 parganas(north) W,B India

o *Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108 C.R avenue, Calcutta-73, W,B ,India* * of residence 7/51 Purbapalli, PO Sodepur, Dist 24 parganas(north) West Bengal Kol-110 *** residence Swamijinagar, South Habra 24 parganas(north) W,B India

The medical community became aware of AIDS, 34 years ago. Since then, global HIV and AIDS pandemic caused approximately 60 million infections. Experts estimated that more than 25 million people already died of AIDS, and > 33 million currently are living with HIV infection or AIDS. The HIV epidemic in

India

, described as series of epidemics, heterogeneous in nature, varying with respect to prevalence levels, risk factors for infection and its transmission pattern. Some epidemic appeared stable or diminishing in some parts of the south India, while others are growing at a modest rate elsewhere especially in north east regions in spite of ART .

There's a mantra, in AIDS field: HIV infection can be managed and treated with antiretroviral drugs. But ART could not cure AIDS could never. At the 32-years mark in HIV epidemic, it is critical to acknowledge that there are no documented cases of a true cure induced by ART, though ART is very effective in suppressing detectable viral replication for extended periods. Problems of ART remained in many of their toxicity, complications, drug resistance and failure of adherence to drug due to cost. Final solution for AIDS treatment is not probably a potential or combination anti retroviral drugs or a preventive vaccine, or Microbiocide (gels or vaginal ring) prPrEp(protection is 39%-54%) or pre expose prophylaxis initiative (success rate-44%) or male circumcision(success rate 50-60%) or VOICE trial , rather but a therapeutic vaccine, aimed at complementing the antiretroviral therapy given to many patients, so that their immune systems can defend themselves. “Nature showed us a few percent of people in which though they are infected by HIV1, but they are not sick by the virus for long 20 years or more. So the idea is to make such a vaccine for most of these people, infected people, who never sick, for life.”

Understanding mechanisms for host defense in HIV-1 infection

During acute HIV infection in adults, a peak of ~10⁷ HIV RNAs/ml plasma is followed by a marked decline, over few weeks, to around 30,000 RNAs/ml concomitantly with appearance of HIV-specific CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, suggesting CTLs responsible for reducing virus levels[1,3]. Furthermore, blocking these cells, by administering CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies prohibits immune mediated reduction in viral load. Persistent control of HIV-1 infection is associated with presence of CD8+ T cells , capable of producing not only IFN gamma following contact with the cognate peptide –MHC complex, but also other cytokines, such as IL-2 and chemokines, including RANTES and MIP- 1a, which are capable of blocking viral entry through occupancy of HIV co-receptor CCR5. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells release granzyme and perforin, capable of mediating cytotoxicity. Typically, HIV specific CD8+ T cells from infected individuals, who have low viral loads are poly functional and can carry out most or all of these effectors functions [2]. Conversely, HIV-infected subjects with high viral loads often have HIV-specific CD8+ T cells , capable of only some of normal effectors functions and, at extreme of the spectrum, their dysfunctionality might be reflected by expression of PD1 (programmed cell death 1),- a marker of T cell exhaustion. Proliferative capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are also associated with control. In addition, genetic regulation of CCL3L1 (MIP-1aP) and CCR5 have been demonstrated to be important because they regulate CTL activity and other viral entry dependent mechanisms (3). By binding to CCR5 and promoting its sequestration, CCL3L1 can block HIV replication.

An apparently persistent suppression of viral replication coupled to no drop in CD4+ T cells occurs in about one of 300 persons infected with HIV (elite controllers). It is striking that, in a recent whole-genome association study of key determinants for host control of HIV-1, six most significant protective determinants were within MHC region. It is evident in HIV infection; HLA-B molecules have a stronger impact on viral set point than HLA-A and HLA-C. That gene, HLA-B*5701, codes for a protein on immune cells that plays a central role in clearing the body of HIV-infected cells. The second implicated polymorphism is in HLA-C gene, which plays a similar role to HLA-B in mounting an effective immune response. A gag-specific but not env-specific CD8+ T-cell response was protective against disease progression[3]. Therefore, it is not just the number of Gag epitopes, presented by each allele that is important, but also ability of the Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response to drive the selection of escape mutations into less fit virus that have an impact on viral replication [5]. On other side, uncontrolled HIV replication cause non HIV specific immune activations and chronic inflammation , strongly associated with acquiring opportunistic cancers, chronic virus infections or Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as end organ damage, including cardiovascular, hepatic and renal dysfunction.

Resistance to infection reflects some combination of genetic factors, innate resistance, and a probably very rare acquired immune control. Genetic studies demonstrated that a deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5d32deletion) provides substantial protection from HIV-1 infection [4]. Members of the APOBEC (apo-lipoproteinB mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide) family belong to cellular cytidine de-aminases that represent a recently identified group of proteins induced by IFNa that protect from infection by retroviruses [5]. Yet, HIV-1 is largely immune to intrinsic antiviral effects of APOBEC proteins because it encodes a unique Vif gene(viral infectivity factor), an accessory protein that is critical for in vivo replication of HIV-1 due to VIF´s ability to inactivate APOBEC [6]. Another intercellular antiviral factor, the tripartite motif–containing 5-á (TRIM5-á) gene, inhibits ability of different retroviruses to infect human and monkey cells by blocking virus capsid un coating [7]. HIV-1 infection is restricted by the old world monkey TRIM5-a gene, but not by the human counterpart explaining why HIV can infect CD4+ T cells [8]. Cellular miRNA can also interfere with HIV replication; however, HIV-1 can modify miRNA expression profiles in the infected cell (9). Several chemokines including, RANTES, MIP-1a/b and antimicrobial peptides such as a/b-defensins and LL 37 also inhibit HIV-1 replication locally. Thus, a number of innate mechanisms are of central importance for protection against HIV-1.Furthermore, neutralizing IgA in genital tract clearly contributes to protection against HIV-1. However, there are indications that these IgA antibodies are predominantly directed against host specific epitopes involved in virus binding and fusion, and it remains to be determined, if these are natural or of acquired origin.

To halt present pandemic, we authors do agree, a vaccine that protects from HIV-1 infection is urgently needed. An absolute worldwide commitment to this goal however established; Attempts to develop a protective vaccine have been severely compromised by our incomplete understanding of HIV-1 protective immunity. Further more, safe vaccine prototypes have so far failed to induce a sufficiently potent immune response against HIV-1 . RV144 vaccine, in October 2009, trial in

Thailand

showed a modest 31% efficacy in preventing HIV infection.

Other approaches may be with stem cells stitched with the anti-HIV genes into a high percentage of the appropriate stem cells, One example to cite for stem cells therapy with BMT. The story was like this published in journal Science in 2011, “Four years after Timothy Ray Brown received bone-marrow transplants to fight his leukemia, the most sophisticated labs in the world could not find any trace in his body of the HIV that had infected him for last 12 years. Brown is the only living human, a growing consensus contends, to be cured of HIV. Brown's treatment clearly does not offer a road map for many others. After all, the expensive, complex, and risky transplant only made sense because Brown was dying from leukemia. Nor is it clear exactly which components of the extensive transplant regimen cleared the virus from his body. But Brown's case has moved the much-ridiculed idea of curing HIV onto the most scientifically solid ground it has yet occupied, say leading AIDS researchers. Brown's case showed for the first time that it is possible to rid the body of the virus—even from the minuscule reservoirs where the virus can hide out for years, evading both the immune system and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). His astonishing turn around also raised hopes that other, immune system modulators might find and destroy every last bit of virus—or at least reduce it to such low levels that people no longer need ARTs therapy [10].

References

1] McCune, J.M. . The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature. 410:974-979; 2001.

2] Miura T, Walker BD et al. Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in elite controllers: lack of gross genetic defects or common amino acid changes. J Virol. ;82(17):8422-30.;2008

3] Goulder PJ, Watkins DI. Impact of MHC class I diversity on immune control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Nat Rev Immunol. 8(8):619-30;2008

4] Stover, J., et al. The global impact of scaling up HIV/AIDS prevention programs in low- and middle income countries. Science. 311:1474-1476;2006

5] Ulenga NK, Sarr AD, Thakore-Meloni S, Sankalé JL, Eisen G, Kanki PJ. Relationship between humanimmunodeficiency type 1 infection and expression of human APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. J Infect Dis. ;198(4):486-92.;2008

6] Goila-Gaur R, Strebel K. HIV-1 Vif, APOBEC, and intrinsic immunity. Retrovirology. 5:51-55;2008

7]. Sheehy, A.M., Gaddis, N.C., Chol, J.D., Malim, M.H. . Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature. 418:646-650;2002.

8]Stremlau, M., et al. 2004. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5a restricts HIV-1 infection in OldWorld monkeys. Nature. 427:848-853.

9]Kumar A, Jeang KT.Insights into cellular microRNAs and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).J Cell Physiol. 216(2):327-31;2008.

10] Jon Cohen The Emerging Race to Cure HIV Infections Science 13 May 2011: Vol. 332 no. 6031 pp. 784-789 DOI: 10.1126/science.332.6031.784

Links to see other sites

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100616/full/news.2010.301.html#comment-id-11383 at Nature News Published Cooments on Tripple punch Gene therapy in HIV

2]http://www.annals.org/content/148/10/792.extract/reply#annintmed_el_125040 at Annals of Internal Medicine

3]http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/sex-education-programme-teach-abstenism-safe-sex-had-very-little-impact-ad At BMJ Rapid response published asSex education programme that teach abstenism, safe sex had very little impact on adolescence behavior & role of Microbicide in prevention of HIV in Rich countries

4]http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/rapid-assay-tests-hiv1-or-vctc-which-plays-important-role-primary-health-c in BMJ as rapid Response Rapid assay tests for HIV1 or VCTC which plays important role in Primary health care settings in West Bengal for surveillance, diagnosis & treatment of HIV1

5]http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/hiv-epidemic-ampnature-west-bengal-stateindia-role-male-circumcision-possi as rapid response HIV epidemic, &nature in West Bengal State;India,: Role of male Circumcision Possible amongst Hindus as additional preventive measure?Will state government start thinking of It?

Copy Right- Strictly reserved to Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya and other authors in chronological order only as per Intellectual Copy Right Rules[ IPR copy Right Rules] and Protect Intellectual Property act and laws of 2012 of USA . So please be careful enough to disseminate the information and use the information , hypothesis of pathogenesis above even for your personal use or in your laboratories or in therapies .

Friday, 9 March 2012

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/critics-of-god.html

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/critics-of-god.html

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/critics-of-god.html

Thursday, 8 March 2012

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

Blogs of Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FICpath(Ind): A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?: .

A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

Authors_:

**Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya Bsc(cal), Msc(JU) of Residence- 7/51 Purbapalli PO-Sodepur, Dist 24 Parganas(north) Kolkata-110 W.B ,India, *Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal), FIC path(Ind.) –Professor and Head Department of Pathology, now posted at School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 108 C.R Avenue. Kol-73, W.B ; India & Ex Professor & Head, Department of Ophthalmic Pathology, RIO kolkata and of WBUHS, Ex Professor of Pathology, Institute of post Graduate Medical Education& Research, Technical adviser in charge Blood Banks IPGME&R/SSKM hospital and of VCCTC, Cytogenetics *Miss Upasana Bhattacharya- only daughter of Professor.Pranab kumar Bhattacharya, Mahamaya Apartments Mahamayatala, 54 NSC Bose Road, Garia ,kol-84; **Mr. Ritwik Bhattacharya B.Com(cal), ** Miss Rupsa Bhattacharya , ** Mr. Somayak Bhattacharya BHM(cal) MSc student of PUSHA New Delhi- all of residence 7/51 purbapalli; Po= Sodepur; Dist 24 Parganas(north); Kol-110; W.B ;India, Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) Cal,Miss Oaindrila Mukherjee –Student, Mr.Debasis Mukherjee Bsc (cal) of Residence Swamiji Nagar, South Habra , 24 Pargnas(north) West Bengal, India

Over the past three and half decades it has been generally accepted that all the strongly interacting particles (hadrons) observed in the laboratories are composed of further elementary objects known as Quarks. The concept was originated from the studies of the symmetry in the quantum number of hadrons (Gellman.M, Neeman.Y. - The eight fold way; p7-85; pub-Benjqmen,Newyork-l%4 ) and was re enforced by deep inelastic electron and neutrinos scattering and later by e+ e- annihilation experiment. Hadrons are composed of small numbers of more fundamental entities called “Quarks". Experiments with high energy electrons and neUir()ns made it possible in effective way to take the x -ray of proton structure and it reveal led that proton does ed cindeontain objects with exactly the properties of quarks. The quark Particles possesses an unusual type of cha11le called" colour" which operate in some way like the electrical charge. The relativistic quantum field theory of colour induced force is called the QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS (Q.C.D ) , by analogy with mathematically similar to QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS (Q.E D ) . Applying the original ideas of M. Gellman the variety of light particle hadrons can be explained in terms of different combinations & two types of flavor of quarks, which are labeled as Up (u) and Down (d) quarks. The Up (u) &Down (d) quarks are needed to make up Neutrons and Protons. They move (spin) inside hadrons with effective mass of about O.33Gev; To explain the properties of heavier particles further quantum number (like strangeness; charm; and beauty particles) must be assigned to up & down quarks and their ‘quark flavor are Known as "S “quarks",” C’ quarks and “B "quarks respectively. The strange quarks (S) with a mass of about 0.5 G e v. is needed to makeup the strange particles that were discovered in cosmic Rays in 1940. The charmed quarks (C) with a mass of 1.5Gev is needed to make up the z/W Particles, The bottom quarks (b) with mass of 4.8 Gev & was found to make γ found, A further flavor or quark (T) or Top quark is predicted to form the symmetry argument. And CERN scientists confirmed in. 1997,The evidence of Top quark came through a dozen or so events either two W bosons ( seen via their decays into an electron or muon and a neutrino) or such W boson together with three or four jets of hadrons. These were believed to be due to production of Top quark- anti-quark pair. The collider detector facility (CDF) events had distinctive Top quark feature. For example, many of them contained bottom quark or anti quark. The CDF announced mass of Top quark is 174+-16 Gev. At large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) the mass and many decay properties of Z boson had been also measured enabling the mass of Top quark to be 171 +- 15 Gev. Both the charm quantum numbers and strange numbers are conserved by strong and weak electro magnetic interaction. This means that charmed or, strange particles must under goes a weak decay, whose rate is determined by two factors, the weak interaction coupling constant and the density of allowed final stage i.e. phage- Space availability. The characteristic life time of the Strange particles decay are around10 ¹¹ second .The charmed particles ‘are much heavier than the strange particles and charmed particles are much heavier than u; d; or s quarks.

Breaking the Symmetry in universe and quarks

To explain simultaneously the Symmetries and charges of the, observed hadrons, the quarks are also required to have an electrical charges. which is a fraction of the electronic charges "e"; Thus an up (u), and down (d) quarks have charges +2/3e and -1/3e respectively. In this picture a proton thus consist of 2down (d) quarks, and l up (u) quarks. (Close E.J-, introduction of quarks and protons p3 -88; academic press; New York .1979). The lamda (λ) particles consist of 1 up quark, 1 strange quarks and 1 down quark. Similarly Omega particles Ώ consist of 3strange quarks (S3) . Pion particles (tr) consist of l up quark and 1 anti down quark (u d-). Kaon of (us), Charmonium of (can cc-) and Bottomonium particles consist of (bb-). Similarly strange hadrons are made using s quarks. The iP particles are bound state of charm and anti charm qnarks. – It is meson particle.

Although quark model was very successful in classifying the observed hadrons; in 1960, it became clear that the simple quark model was inadequate. In addition to quark flavor, quark must carry additional quantum number, which was later known as on "color” and each quark flavor comes in distinct color, there are really as many as quark colour as we thought. " There are red; green, and blue Up quarks and they are denoted as ur, ug, Up; ub; They are identical in all respect (mass, charge, &so on) except in their colour, similarly colour are present in other quarks like (dr; dg; db; sr; sg; sb, br; bg, bb, tr, tg tb, Rb, and so on).The existence of strongly interacting partic1es with spin 1/2 is the quarks particles that have half-integral spin and as such, they are known as fermions. But the difference from fermions. Particle from the quark is that quarks, carry an extra quantum number ‘color" Which the Fermions do not carry. The quarks as carry these possible color and hadrons as consist of mixture of quarks and color and as such the hadrons is colorless. In the particles and even all the structures in the Universe are in spin motion. Particles like electrons, neutrons, protons and quarks are in Rt. handed or in Lt. handed spin movement. In QCD, we believe that hadrons are built up from smaller building blocks of quarks bound together by QCD forces. Protons contain several such quarks, spinning in opposite direction Spin effects play a very. Crucial role at very early stage of quark structure of hadrons. Actually the quark model gave the first satisfactory explanation of magnetic movement of the proton and neutron by having their partic1es made from two kinds of flavors called up and down with the electrical charges of +2/3 and –l/3 0f the proton charges, respectively. The proton is thus made of 2u quarks& 1d quarks and neutron is made of 2d quarks& l u quarks, thus giving the Observed charges of +1and O. Because all have the spin as proton, the right total spins for the proton' and Neutrons is obtained by having the u and d quarks' in opposite direction giving a total spin which is the difference between u- d quarks spin. But quarks with opposite electric charges spinning in opposite direction have their magnetic movements all pointing in the same direction and added up to a large value. To explain why the proton with a positive charge has a nzagneticfnOmentro",ghly three tiniesthe Dirac value and wi(hno charges'hasmagnmc mom.entcorrosponding.rollghlJl.double,theDirac value for a par ticle with negetive charge

A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all?

The big question to present authors was that whether further elementary particles in QED leptons particle was possible than quark itself in the mass 110 < mH < 600 GeV.? Geonium is a man made atom created at liquid helium temperature in ultrahigh vacuum from an individual electron in magnetic and electron trapping fields. For this atom the electron gyro magnetic ratio g= 20,000,000,000,110(60) had been measured in micro wave spectroscopic experiments after subtraction of quantum electrodynamics shifts. The g-g _Dirac= 11x10^-11 excess over the value g Dirac=2. For the theoretical Dirac point, electron suggest for the electron of nature a corresponding excess radius R_c-R _DiracCoverthe Dirac radius R Dirac=0 and must be a spatial structure[ Bhattacharya Rupak, Bhattacharya Ritwik, Mukherjee Dahlia& Bhattacharya Pranab- Sub₂ quark particles possible? Threads www.extremeastronomy.com Forum discussion Topic Search “pranab”]. A near dirac particles- an electron radius R_e=10^-20 centimeter must be present. In Big Bang standard model cosmology a zero mass particle is highly required which indicate from nothing state ( zero mass) resulted a spontaneous quantum jump and initiated Big Bang and these particles and antiparticles were in spin ½( dirac point particles). There require another particles that gave mass to other particles(Bhattacharya Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab kumar]. So far quark particles and its sub quarks energy colors has been discovered. In 1974 Abdul Salam & others pictured the electron- a particle on the level of a quark as composed of three sub quarks each 10¹⁰ times heavier than electron mass in Gev mass, as like a proton is composed of three spin ½ particles. This is Salam particles according to name of Professor Abdul Salam, received Nobel Prize for his Gauge theory based on his particle, in physics. Direct searches for the SM Higgs particles at the LEP e+e􀀀 collider and the Tevatron pp collider have led, respectively, to a lower mass bound ofmH > 114.4 GeV [10], and to an exclusion in the range 162–166 GeV , at 95% CL. Indirect constraints from precision measurements favour the mass range mH < 158 GeV at 95% CL.

The inclusive Higgs particle production followed by the decay H ! ZZ is expected to be oneof the main discovery channels at the CERN proton-proton (pp) Large Hadron Collider (LHC)for a wide range of mH values. Using the H ! ZZ and the H ! WW decay channels, the ATLAS collaboration have excluded at 95% CL the mass ranges 145–206 GeV, 214–224 GeV, and340–450 GeV.The big question to present authors “is it possible to have a sub X sub or Sub2 quarks particles, all tightly bound to nucleus? The particle sub x quarks, smaller & smaller, less & less imperfect near Dirac particles held together by stronger and stronger forces and with ever increasing mass in Gev. Probably in the beginning of our universe in the Big Bang moment(Planck’s moment) such a particle existed as nothing state” that decayed into finally quark- antiquark pair- FINALLY NUCLEON AND ANTI NUCLEAON PARTICLE. Rupak particle suggested by Rupak Bhattacharya as “R particle” is such a particle of Zero total relativistic energy or mass of Bond Pair.

Neutrino Particles

You are all familiar with electromagnetic interactions from our daily experience like charges that repel one another; opposite charges attract .The earth acts like a giant magnet. Indeed matter itself held together by electromagnetic interactions between electron & nuclei. With the exceptions of the neutrinos, all elementary particles have electromagnetic interactions either through charges or through magnetic property. Or the ability to directly interacting with charges or magnetic moment. In 1960 the only known elementary particles apart from hadrons were leptons- Electron, Muons and Neutrinos. And there was suspicion that there might be two types of neutrinos Both the Electron and Muon are electro-magnetically interacting.Early in the century it was discovered that some nuclei are unstable against decay into residual nuclei and electrons or positrons. There were two important characteristic of these so-called decays 1) they were “ slow”. That is to say that the life times of the decaying nuclei corresponded to an interaction that was much weaker then that of characteristic electromagnetism 2) Energy & momentum were missing. If one examined the spectrum of the electrons that were emitted, it was clear that to preserve energy, momentum and angular momentum in the decay, it was necessary that there be another decay product present. The decay product needed to be Zero or nearly Zero mass and to have half-integral spin. Pauli first made this observation & Fremi later gave this product name as “ Neutrinos”. With the development of Fremis Theory of “ Weak Interactions” more was learned about the properties of the particle “ Neutrinos”. The neutrino has a spin of ½ and a very low probability of interacting with matter. The predicted cross section for the interaction of beta decay neutrino with nucleons is about 10-43 cm2. Thus one of these neutrinos would on the average pass through a light year of lead without interacting at all. The beta decay reactions can be written as z— (z-1)+e++v;z—(z+1)+e++v-. By the failure to detect neutrinos less double beta decay namely the process z—(z-2)+e++e+. It was established that Neutrinos (υ) and anti neutrinos (ύ) were included as different particle. Neutrinos can pass through the even center of the earth without leaving a trace and is immune to many of forces that bind up matter together including electromagnetic forces. All accepted models in the cosmology and in particle physics assume that neutrinos are mass less. But as per Rupak Bhattacharya & PK Bhattacharya Neutrinos are not actually the Zero mass particles in the Universe. They calculated that these wooly mammoth allegedly carry a mass of 17000 electron volts (Kev) and so it could not be the earliest particles in the creation of the Universe according to present authors. It was R particles’

Then What was the earliest particle in the universe? As we ⁱⁿ previous chapter discussed ,according to Mery Gelman, the earliest particles were quarks and anti quarks. The gospel of Big Bang is then supposed to have been explosion from zero volume at zero time of a corpuscle containing the cosmic soup of these quarks and anti quarks particles , where in the corpuscle energy were equivalent to mass and radiation and flash. The particles and their anti particles were in constant annihilation and went into radiation and flash. What we authors want to mean that at about trillion and trillion degrees of temperature of cosmic soup (about 10¹⁵K) the elementary particles and radiation was just interchangeable. In the primordial fireball or in cosmic soup, the particles and antiparticles were being in constant annihilation and were again created although the total energy of combined radiation and matter of the soup was constant.

However in the quantum chromo dynamics (QCD) another particle was proposed as the earliest particles in the universe. They were nuetrinos particles. The neutrinos were also non-Zero mass particles. The idea that neutrinos may have mass was of about 40 years old. The successful unification of the weak and electromagnetic force field implies that there should be as many as kinds of neutrinos, as there are different kinds of electron like particles. The question of mass of the neutrinos had been of great interest since Fremis first analysis of β decay to the present time. There is till no confirmed mass evidence that neutrinos have a non zero mass (Bhattacharjee. Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar- Monday Nottingham Royal Astronomical Society Journal Vol 288, P 226-301,1994).

All accepted models in the cosmology and in particle physics assumes that neutrinos are mass less or so. The heaviest neutrinos in Gev temperature ranges from í to r electron volts. But the scientists found that this wooly mammoth allegedly carries a mass of 17,000 electron volts(kev). By the radioactive beta decay process- a process in which an unstable nucleus in the radioactive isotopes emits both an electron and a neutrino , of decay of electrons. Rupak Bhattacharya & I myself recorded the energy of decay electrons by sending them into a crystal where they knock other electrons creating a current that provided a measure of energy where a big 17Kev regularly appeared, taken from the energy of a few electrons. The energy was then obvious 17 Kev neutrinos and 1% of their emitted neutrinos belonged to heavy neutrinos. Neutrinos can pass through the entire Earth without leaving a trace and it is immune to many of forces hat bind matter including electromagnetic forces. So Neutrinos are ghostly sub atomic particles, so feebly in their interaction with ordinary matter that they can happily pass through earth without stopping. They have almost never been observed outside he controlled environment of the big accelerator laboratories of USA &CERN in Europe. Neutrinos are even more common in the universe then the photons, only because probably the Big bang left a sea of very low energy neutrinos that permeated every corner of this Cosmos. In 30^th march 2006 from the US laboratory “ Fermi lab” reported first result from a neutrinos experiment Called “MINOS”( Main injector neutrino Oscillation search) in Soudan mine at a depth of 776 meter in minnestoa 732 Km away. The MiINOs experiment showed that there is a short fall in the number of muon nutrinos if they are detected a long distance away from their point of production. Nutrinos are elementary particles where all neutral counterparts of charged leptons namely the electrons, the muons and _ţleptons all of which take participation in the weak interactions. Determination of neutrinos particles still remain notoriously difficult from the point of view of experiments and got challenges in the particle physics of highest depth research. At this moment when writing this book, there is no information of even values of their individual masses. Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya however proposed their value as m₁<3ev;m_l<110Kev; m_j<18.2 Mev may be the mass of different muon nutrinos numbers. It is worth noted that direct detection of V_Ĵ was reported in 2006 for the first time only from Fermi laboratories

USA

. The presence of neutrino oscillation in 2006 march experiment by Fermilab .Direct Observation of NUTAU E₈₇₂[DONUT] experiment implies existence of distant & non vanishing mass for nutrion flavors. In particular, as per Rupak Bhattacharya there are now three mass m₁,m_l,m_j and three angels that mix neutrinos flavours denoted by θ₁₂,θ₂₃, andθ₁₃. In addition according to Rupak neutrinos may also have rana particles ie they are fermions which are their own antiparticles.

But neutrinos might have a non-zero mass. For electron neutrinos the mass is 10^-6ev. A mass in excess of 1ev would then be significant since neutrinos would then contribute mass than stars( Stars like sun) to the mass density of the universe. The universe would be then closed if the mass of neutrinos would be between 25 and 100 eV. There were then three types of neutrinos in the Big Bang moment. 1) “Electron Neutrinos” had amass of 20ev, 2)”Muon neutrinos” had a mass of0.5Mev and 3) Tat neutrinos” had a mass of 250 Mev In the QCD, studies suggest that the primordial universe was dominated by neutrinos of non-zero mass rather then by quarks with it’s colour. A natural scale then emerged determined by maximum distance neutrinos that could stream freely as the universe expanded, before the neutrinos slowed down on account of their mass below the scale of super cluster i.e. galaxies formation. In this neutrinos theory then no pre- existing fluctuation then survived and the first structure then collapsed and formed galaxies.

According to another theory- [Theory of Rupak Bhattacharya and Pranab Bhattacharya], in Grand unified theories, the electron was treated as neutrinos (ve) and the quarks that made nucleon were at different state of a single neutrinos particle. In the simplest of Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya’s theory the small neutrinos mass was given by a formula by Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya Mv= mD²/M where mD is the quark color mass and M is the mass which may be as large as the unification scale of 10¹⁴to 10¹⁵Gev. As a result of Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya’s equation Mv=Md² there occurs three sets of generation of earliest particles. Thus in addition of electron there is generation of muon [mu=206me] and also” R particles”[ Rupak Neutrinos mR=3500me]. These R particles are then very similar and close to gluon particles and correspondingly there are three neutrinos v_e v_{μ and} v_τ. This theory suggest that m (v_e)<< m (v_μ)<<m (v_τ). So as per Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya and Pranab Bhattacharya’s Theory v_e, Vμ V_τ and v_{R are} coherent mixture with quarks in case of electron. Neutrinos produced in nonlinear β decay might be v₁cosθ+v₂sinθ where v₁ andv₂ are the mass eigenstate and θ is the mixing angle [Bhattacharjee Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar]. Those are in favor of neutrinos particles, suggested that the primordial synthesis of nucleon in nucleon synthesis was from neutrinos. Whatever be the long standing debate regarding the quarks or neutrinos particles as the earliest particles in the universe that remained in the corpuscles of cosmic egg, the density fluctuation happened at 10^-35 second after the initial Big Bang moment within the corpuscle which resulted due to temperature variation to about 10¹¹K when nucleon synthesis probably started. Beyond this temperature only electron and its antiparticles Positrons could evolve and still involved in annihilation and creation exchanged with their equivalent energies in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The temperature further dropped down from an overall 10¹¹K to a temperature of only one hundredth and as great as 10⁹[1,00,00,00,000 i.e. one Trillion degrees]. This was a practically significant landmark, for bellow that temperature the radiation density became too small for electron, positron pairs were produced [The surface temperature of our sun is only 5000K]. These happened only after100 seconds of Plank Time. But we authors want to mention one important thing that we know what happened in the~1S of planks Time of Big Bang. But we do not still know what happened in the first ten thousandth of a second of Big Bang Singularity. This is probably the big question to all theoretical physicists till now.

So the cosmic soup consisted of quarks and anti quarks, electrons and it’s antiparticles anti electrons or positrons. The particles and antiparticles were in constant annihilation and radiation as per Einstein’s famous equation E= mC². At 10⁹K temperature matter were produced and the universe is today made of matter i.e. hadrons. (Proton, Neutron, lepton, Electrons) But in the Big Bang Moment universe started it’s voyage with equal numbers of matter and antimatters. Electron and Positron were created and were in constant annihilation, liberating burst of energy and radiation. Thanks to the creator of the Big Bang that during the nucleon synthesis anti proton were not created. If at all antiproton, antineutron were created they were at least in separate compartment and did not come into contact [Matter and antimatter as soon as come in contact both are destroyed and their entire rest mass converts into radiation and energy known as entropy or annihilation. Prof, S.W. Hawking in his famous book “The Brief history of Time” nicely said –If you even meet your anti You (Mirror image of You) don’t hand shake with him you will turn into flash, radiation and energy at once”

How far can we look Back till days?

It depends on accelerator & particlephysics technology…

Colliding particles mimic early universe.

Higher energy -> Higher temp

* Earlier universe

Beam Equivalent Time after

Date Accelerator Energy Temperature Big Bang

1930 1st Cyclotron 80 KeV 109K 200 secs

(Berkely)

1952 Cosmotron 3 GeV 1012K 10-8 secs

(Brookhaven)

1987 Tevatron 1000 GeV 1016K 10-13 secs

(Fermilab)

2010 LHC >7000 GeV 1018K 10-14 secs

• Big Bang Theory explains how the Universe first started but leaves many unanswered questions

• Time, Space and Matter were created in the Big Bang

– Before the bang, there were no time, no space and no matter

– Physics has not solved the question “What’s before the Big Bang”

The question is what was Beyond the Big Bang? If I hear a small bang, I will ask “Who or what caused it” So there is no answer yet “Who or what caused the Big Bang” ?

• Other factors determine how the Universe will develop:

– Amount of matter in the Universe

– Physical properties of the matter

– Strength of the fundamental forces

References_:

Rupak Bhattacharya, Prof. Pranab kumar Bhattacharya, Miss Upasana Bhattacharya , Mr. Ritwik Bhattacharya and Mrs. Dahlia Mukherjee “ Did our Universe started in a Big Bang Gospel or Just Be?” E- book published in www. unipathos.com
Sub quarks² particles possible in early Big Bang? Threads at Extreme astronomy .com www.extremeastronomy.com Forum discussion Topic Search “pranab”].
A smaller particle then quarks-possible at all? by
* Mr. Rupak Bhattacharya-Bsc(cal) Msc(JU) 7/51 purbapalli, Po-sodepur; Dist 24 parganas(north), Kol-110,West Bengal, India**Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya MD(cal) FIC Path(ind); Professor of pathology, Institute of post graduate Medical education & Research,244 a AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20, west Bengal, India***Mr.Ritwik Bhattacharya B.com(cal) 7/51 purbapalli, Po-sodepur Dist 24 parganas(north) , Kolkata-110,West Bengal, India****Miss Upasana Bhattacharya- Student, Mahamayatala, Garia, kol-86**** Mrs. Dalia Mukherjee BA(hons) Cal, Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north) West Bengal, India
**** Mrs Aindrila Mukherjee-student ,Swamiji Road, South Habra, 24 Parganas(north), West Bengal, India published as comment in Science News September 12th, 2009; Vol.176 #6 / The Status Quark /
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/46865/title/Comment

Please See also at following links about publications of this article-

1] http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=398324121719 Question asked by Professor Pranab kumar Bhattacharya to Prof David Gross Nobel Laureate in Physics in 2004

2] http://www.bautforum.com/showthread.php/52489-Superstrings-Could-Be-Detectable-As-They-Decay?p=1169460#post1169460 AT BAD Astronomy and universe today Forum

3] http://www.bautforum.com/showthread.php/21319-Smallest-particle?s=3e836afba321158bb60ac23a55f2a48b

4]Science 2 February 1990: Vol. 247 no. 4942 pp. 539-545 DOI: 10.1126/science.247.4942.539

Experiments on the Structure of an Individual Elementary Particle

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/247/4942/539.abstract

Copy Right of this article published in this Blogs under following terms
Copy Right belongs to Prof. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya and his first degree blood related relatives as per IPR Copy Right Act /Rules of Intellectual Property Right and Protect Intellectual Property (PIP) act and laws of USA-2012. No Private organization, or person, or News paper. Journalists, Media personals, in the state of West Bengal or in other states of country India are permitted by the second author to use any word or scientifically meaning full any sentences from this article as Implementations in any laboratories to reproduce or disseminate such the knowledge/hypothesis and if done will be considered as infringement of copy right of first author. It had been published as open access article in open access journal The science News od American Society of Sciences and can be viewed only with payment in internet issues. Positive Comments are only allowed from researchers only.

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